540 MAN'S PLACE IN NATURE 



is made up of very complex activities which result from 

 and rest upon equally complex sensory and nervous re- 

 lationships. Among these, as has already been pointed 

 out, are many simple reflexes, many activities which 

 through frequent repetition have become so habitual as 

 to be to all intents and purposes reflexes, a certain num- 

 ber that rest upon a purely intellectual basis — in other 

 words depend upon associated memory — and, finally, 

 another great group — including probably nearly all our 

 volitional acts — that are carried on at the instance of 

 some fcehng. Since the emotions underlie volition so 

 largely, one is entitled to speak of them as the driving 

 forces of conduct. By way of illustration, curiosity, 

 avarice, hatred, love, may be mentioned as such driving 

 forces. Biologically, they count as factors in individual 

 or racial perpetuation. When one attempts to compare 

 the emotional characteristics in men and in animals, 

 the difficulty is encountered that there is no means of 

 judging what emotions are present in animals except 

 through the study of the bodily manifestations which ac- 

 company them and the actions which result from them. 

 So far as this kind of observation goes it indicates that 

 the fundamental emotions, those associated immediately 

 and definitely with individual or racial preservation, are 

 very similar in man and in the higher animals. In 

 addition to these, men exhibit certain feelings which — so 

 far as can be judged — are without counterpart among 

 lower animals. Among these are feelings associated 

 with high moral standards; the sense of responsi- 

 bility, the traits of honesty, justice, and generosity in- 

 fluence human conduct — and therefore human progress 

 — profoundly, and are consequently factors of prime 

 importance. 



The Interaction of the Emotions with Intelli- 

 gence. — In the actual working out of mental function- 

 ing it is clear that the emotions may on the one hand 

 direct the intelligence, and on the other hand the intel- 



