GLAXDEES AND FARCY. 241 



ration, and it is easily detached from the bones. Now and 

 then it will be found that the nasal bones, the septum nasi, the 

 turbinated and ethmoidal bones, are in a state of necrosis, their 

 surfaces bathed wdth a purulent discharge, and wholly separated 

 from the mucous membrane. The intermaxillary glands are 

 congested and surrounded by a yellowish exudate, and the lym- 

 phatic ducts leading from them are thickened and congested. 



The lungs in almost every case of glanders, acute and chronic, 

 are more or less inflamed. Now and tlien the inflammation is 

 diffuse, embracing perhaps the whole of one or a part of both 

 lungs, whilst in others it is limited to some of the lobes, and 

 presenting the appearance of a series of tumours and patches 

 of congestion of different sizes, and in varying stages of 

 development, scattered throughout the lung tissue. Many of 

 these inflamed spots will be found to contain pus ; hence they 

 have been termed tubercles, and the nature of the disease has, 

 from tliis supposition, been laid down as tubercular; and so 

 close is the relationship between tubercle and glanders, that the 

 editor of the British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review says 

 — " It is in glanders that Villemin thinks he has found the 

 closest marks of analogy with tubercle, not only in its anatomy, 

 but also in its symptoms and causation. He seems to have been 

 conducted from the study of glanders direct to the inoculation of 

 tubercle. Tlie characteristic lesion of glanders is a small tubercle, 

 which is strewn either in the mucous membrane of the nasal 

 passages, or in the lungs, or, more rarely, in the liver and spleen. 

 At first a greyish-white, firm granulation, composed of cells and 

 nuclei apparently developed by hyperplasia of connective tissue, 

 it soon tends to soften centrally and form ulcers on the mucous 

 membrane, cavities in the lungs. Like miliary tubercle, it occurs 

 isolated or in clusters. Together with this little granulation, 

 streaks and bands of fibrous tissue, as well patches of cheesy 

 infiltration, are not infrequently met with in the lungs of gian- 

 dered horses. It is interesting, too, that the same doubts have 

 been raised concerning the real nature of these ' infiltrations ' 

 in glanders as in tubercle. They are regarded by Villemin as one 

 form of glanders, just as in man they are one form of tubercle 

 As to which is the part primarily afiected in glanders — the nasal 

 membrane or the lungs — there is some difference of opinion ; 

 Virchow maintaining that the deposits in the lungs are always 



