330 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 



the sub-pleural nodules and adhesions of the pleural surfaces. 

 Some authors state that the external lymphatic glands are 

 frequently enlarged : so far as my experience goes this is excep- 

 tional, and of no great diagnostic value. The temperature 

 varies considerably in individual cases ; in some very pronounced 

 ones there is no great elevation, whilst in others this is extreme, — 

 107° or higher during the exacerbations, falling several degrees 

 during the remissions, and these exacerbations and remissions are 

 not infrequently met with in the pulmonary form. 



As already stated, the calf is rarely tuberculous, and from the 

 observations made at the abattoirs at Berlin and Copenhagen 

 it was found that at Berlin the per-ceutage of tuberculous 

 animals was lol for oxen and cows, 1"55 for swine, 01 1 for 

 calves, and 0'004 for sheep. At Copenhagen the per-centage was 

 17'7 for oxen and cows, 15-3 for swine, 0'2 for calves, and only 

 0'0003 for sheep. From its rarity in calves some writers have 

 arsued that tuberculosis is not congenital. This conclusion 

 however, is against evidence, for cases are recorded where 

 undoubtedly the calf has given evidence of the disease at or 

 shortly after birth, where the lungs and various serous mem- 

 branes — i.e., pleura and peritoneum — were covered with caseous 

 and calcareous tumours, which must have been developed in 

 utero. In two instances which came before me the arachnoid 

 was covered with tubercles in an early stage of development, 

 the calves dying from meningitis in an acute form. Infection 

 of the foetus results from the penetration of the bacilli through 

 the foetal membranes, or from their presence in the semen of the 

 male or ovum of the female at the time of coition. We can 

 understand this when we recognise that the ovaries of the 

 female and the testes of the male are occasionally the seats 

 of tuberculosis. 



The liver, spleen, heart, mesenteric glands, and peritoneum 

 may be invaded with many clusters of tubercles similar to those 

 shown in figs. 15 and 16, whilst not infrequently the ovaries and 

 uterus are involved, causing continuous sexual excitement, — 

 nymphomania, — and sometimes discharge from the vagina, with 

 non-impregnation after repeated serving; but should pregnancy 

 occur, the animals generally abort, and according to Eolotf this 

 abortion is often the first sign of the infection of a herd. 



Tubercle is also found invading the meninges of the brain and 

 spinal cord, giving rise to fits of convulsions ; to ptyalism and 



