428 BLOOD DISEASES. 



mo7'tem examination found to have flukes (Distoma) in the liver, 

 and in some cases in the lungs, but, except in one case, the 

 liver flukes were few in numbers. 



In districts in which there are no rivers, and where the drink- 

 ing water is obtained from ponds supplied by the rains, the 

 Strongylus contortus was found in varying numbers ; but we con- 

 cluded that, though they might aggravate the conditions, they 

 were not the cause of the disease, as in the majority of the 

 2wst mortem examinations neither flukes nor strongyles were 

 present. In two cases the lesions of broncho-pneumonia — as 

 seen in American and Canadian cattle — were found, and these 

 were supposed to be tubercular. No tuberculosis was met 

 with during the whole investigation. 



Where the cattle obtained water from wells and running 

 streams, the post mortem appearances were as follows : — The 

 organs and tissues did not to the naked eye materially deviate 

 from those seen in health. There was bloodlessness (anaemia), 

 characterised by pallor of the organs and some degree of degra- 

 dation of their structures. The blood, however, was thin, watery, 

 pale — in some instances scarcely tingeing the fingers of the 

 observer — whilst microscopically it presented those character- 

 istics reported upon by my son. Dr. Williams. 



The symptoms during life were — l.s^. great depression, the 

 animal presenting signs of languor and debility, the appetite 

 was indifferent, and rumination irregular and infrequent ; there 

 was emaciation, the loss of flesh being often extreme ; the ears 

 drooping, and the visiljle mucous membranes, i.e., those of the 

 nose, mouth, eyes, &c., exceedingly pale. In one uncomplicated 

 case only did we observe yellowness of these membranes. There 

 was sometimes diarrhoea, but we did not witness one case in 

 which there was constipation. The pulse in all cases was 

 exceedingly small and weak, ranging from 65 to 120 beats per 

 minute. About 85 beats, however, or about twice the natural 

 number, seemed to be a medium. The urine was pale in colour 

 generally, and in all instances when tested was found to contain 

 a small amount of albumen. The breathing, except in calves, or 

 when the animal was disturbed, was about 20 movements per 

 minute, or about one-third more than the natural number. 

 There was no cough nor a discharge from the nose, or other 

 signs of disease of the lungs, except in the cases already cited. 

 The eyes had a sunken appearance, and the ears drooping, and 



