DISEASES OF THE KESPIRATOKY ORGANS. 577 



results will be obtained. It is well, indeed, to measure the 

 different parts after both inspiration and expiration, that any 

 difference in the expansion of the two sides of the tliorax may- 

 be ascertained." 



5. Inspection. — Some symptoms are observed by inspection 

 only — the condition of the visible membranes, the attitudes and 

 movements of the body, the expression of the countenance, the 

 character of the respirations, tlie degree of fulness, or the converse, 

 of the several parts. In human medicine the state of the 

 larynx can be thus detected by an instrument called a laryn- 

 goscope, but owing to the length of the oral cavity, the dimen- 

 sions of the velum pendulum palati, and the position of the 

 larynx itself, the laryngoscope has not yet been made available 

 for veterinary purposes. 



6. " Succussion consists in grasping the thorax between both 

 hands, and shaking it quickly so as to elicit sound. It is only 

 useful when gaseous and liquid matters coexist in the pleura ; 

 in such cases, however, a splashing or churning sound may be 

 heard. It will strike every one that this measure is only appli- 

 cable to the smallest class of animals." — (Gamgee's Domestic 

 Animals, page 537.) I have never practised this method of 

 examination, nor do I recommend it, and here describe it in Mr. 

 Gamo'ee's own words. 



RESPIRATORY SOUNDS. 



The respiratory sounds, normal and abnormal, detectable by 

 auscultation, are divided into four classes, namely, Nasal, Laryn- 

 geal, Tracheal, and Thoracic. 



NASAL SOUNDS. 



In the normal condition a soft, to-and-fro, blowing noise, of 

 equal intensity on both sides, is heard when the ear is approached 

 to the nostrils. This sound is increased with exercise, and then 

 bears a resemblance to the sound of a large bellows. There is 

 no sound detectable through the parietes of the nose nor the 

 sinuses of the head except after exercise, when a slight snore 

 may be detected through the first and a murmur in the latter. 



In some horses the nasal sound is abnormally increased with 



2 p 



