256 NATURE STUDY REVIEW [9:8— Nov., 1913 



modes of increase, such as stolons, runners, off- 

 sets, suckers, etc., noting also special fitness 

 for pasture conditions, as indicated above. 



2. Diagram a vertical section of the soil and on it show 

 form and growth-habit of half a dozen of the more typical 

 pasture plants, such as the following: 



(a) A grass that spreads by underground branches, 



like a bluegrass. 



(b) A bulbous grass, like timothy. 



(c) A creeping plant, rooting along the branches, like 



white clover. 



(d) A rosette forming, tall, single-stemmed biennial 



like teasel or dock. 



(e) A rosette forming, tap-rooted dwarf, like dande- 



lion. 



(f) A fibrous rooted perennial, like the daisy, or but- 



tercup, or yarrow. 



3. A complete census of the plant poptdation of a single 



square yard of old pasture : names of plants and numbers of 



individuals. It will be necessary to state how you have 



counted individuals of the multiple-rooted forms. * 



*The foregoing is a sample lesson from Professor Needham's field 

 course on the Natural History of the Farm now being given to fresh- 

 men in Cornell University. It assumes an instructor who knows the 

 plants, and a full equipment of stout digging tools in the hands of the 

 members of the class. It illustrates record-making of three of the sorts 

 that were discussed by Professor Needham in our last issue. — ^Editor. 



