CALDWELL] NATURE-STUDY IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 367 



related to everyday experiences of pupils ; it is thought that this 

 study contributes to a real scientific interest and ability in thinking 

 about common domestic and industrial affairs. 



Projects 

 Construction of machines and apparatus by means of which to 

 study physical phenomena; glass tubing, glass dishes and rubber 

 tubing are used in making apparatus for use in stud3dng boiling, 

 evaporation, distillation, the siphon ; a thermometer is constructed, 

 also a barometer ; a pin-hole camera is made ; a wooden ' ' sounding 

 box" is constructed. 



Materials 

 Physical Materials — Electricity reviewed and continued (begun 

 here if not taken up in 6th grade) ; static or f rictional electricity ; 

 electroscope; conductors and non-conductors ; lightning; ampere, 

 volt and ohm, and devices for measuring electricity; what electric 

 currents will do; electro-magnet; telephone induction coil and 

 spark coil; electric lights; electro-plating; trolley cars; wireless 

 telegraphy. Heat — boiling point, steam, evaporation, condensation 

 and distillation, heat and solids; conduction; convection; radia- 

 tion; combustion — a burning candle; evaporation and tempera- 

 ture; thermometers. Levers — crowbar, wheel and axle and wind- 

 lass, pulleys. Steam engine — a heat machine ; friction; work, loss 

 of energy. Pendulum. Solids, liquids and gases; study crystal 

 formation. Gravity and stability. Atmosphere — elasticity, pres- 

 sure, barometer, pumps, fountains, siphon, breathing, carbon 

 dioxide and oxygen, coal gas, ammonia gas, water; nature, pres- 

 sure, buoyancy. Photography and light — ^make and use a pin- 

 hole camera. 



Note — There [is no eighth grade in the Elementary [School. Pupils go 

 from the seventh*grade to the freshman class of the High School. 



