SPALDING] DRAWING AND NATURE-STUDY 237 



The sheep poster is a suggestion of what can be done when 

 studying animals. The skillful children may cut the driver and 

 trees while every one in the room makes a sheep or lamb to add to 

 the flock. 



The fifth picture illustrated the few facts about the Stars that 

 are studied in the lower grades. 



The last illustration shows the method of cutting animals that 

 stand. 



They not only serve as toys but they can be used in connection 

 with the sand table. The cuttings should be made from a pattern 

 drawn on the board, until they can be cut from memory. The 

 directions to the pupils are as follows : Take a piece of bogus or 

 other heavy paper. Fold and hold in left hand with fold at the 

 left. Start cutting on the fold at the lower edge of the paper. 

 Unfold crease on the broken lines. 



A pattern of any animal can be easily worked out if you have a 

 picture showing the side view. The turkey, rabbit and duck are 

 adapted to primary work. 



Drawing and Nature-Study 



Grace Spalding 



There are shown in the figures below some drawings and com- 

 positions of animals that are the results of three drawing lessons by 

 elementary students. The value of concentrated observation is 

 shown in the papers which are covered with quick sketches of 

 parts of the hens and rabbits, etc. (Fig. i). As the animals were 

 moving about while being drawn, the students were encouraged 

 to get line of action of head, feet, body, etc., as well as proportion 

 and shape of mass. The sketches of the entire animal (Fig. 2) were 

 done from memory and illustrate the almost accurate knowledge 

 gained by drawing, or recording the instant results of observation, 

 it being not so much a matter of drawing quickly as of seeing 

 quickly or at a glance. Whether the first two lessons were drawing 

 or Nature-Study lessons it would be hard to say. For the teacher it 

 certainly was a lesson in Nature-Study, at least as far as the chick- 

 ens were concerned, as the following incident shows. I had 

 directed the class of twenty-five students to go to the chicken yard 



