302 NATURE-STUDY REVIEW [12:7-Oct., 1916 



ferent foreign countries, far from the zoological garden for which 

 they are intended, and animals that are indigenous forms, cap- 

 tured practically in the same locality where the zoological garden 

 is located — at least very near it. Two more classes spring from 

 these again ; either may bear young in captivity, and these grow 

 and develop under conditions which have always been the same 

 for them, as they have never known what freedon in the outer 

 world means. This is very well exemplified in the case of lions 

 and tigers, and many other mammals. 



Some captured birds pine away in a short time, while the young 

 of the same species, bred and reared in the cage, will thrive well 

 for many years, apparently enjoying themselves just as though 

 they were free. Young bobolinks, reared from nestlings, often 

 do much better in cages than do old birds taken in traps. Ani- 

 mals coming from different latitudes form another class with its 

 subclasses, such as polar bears and northern species of seals kept 

 in zoological gardens situated in the tropics. This can often be 

 successfully done under proper management, as in the case of the 

 polar bears now living in great comfort in the Zoological Gardens 

 of Melbourne, Australia. This is doubtless due to the fact that 

 Mr. Dudley Le Souef, the Director of those beautiful gardens, 

 thoroughly understands the methods of successfully keeping all 

 kinds of animals in captivity; the records of his gardens stand 

 for the fact that he constantly employs that information to the best 

 advantage. 



Taking animals of all descriptions, and of all of these various 

 classes, one would be much surprised at the length of the list of 

 things they miss — or must endure — while leading a life of cap- 

 tivity, whether the particular garden be situated in the tropics or 

 in the temperate zone. To a large class the loss of liberty means 

 much — often up to the very time of death. Complete changes 

 in food, in environment, and in other conditions constitute hard- 

 ships of various degrees of intensity. Some animals are gregar- 

 ious in nature, often consorting together in immense flocks, bands, 

 or herds, and they never become entirely inured to the loss of 

 such companionship. There are many other restrictions due to 

 cramped quarters, and to the loss of nearly everything they hourly 

 enjoy in nature; indeed, privations of this kind are too num- 

 erous to list in the present brief article on the subject. 



