120 NATURE-STUDY REVIEW [14:3— Mar., 1918 



Conclusion: Wooden strips should be placed between wires 

 or ropes and the tree. 



7. How protect when regrading? Ref. 7, pp. 127-128. 



Ref. 11, pp. 153-154- 



Conclusion: Protect shade trees during regrading by placing 

 wells around them when fills are made, or leaving a mound around 

 them when soil is removed. 



Since the hard maple, soft maple, ash, lindens, and the catalpa 

 speciosa have been damaged but little by insects and disease 

 we have not considered the question of their control in connection 

 with this problem. This year we noticed how the parasites 

 were controlling the second generation of the catalpa sphinx 

 which for the first time bothered the catalpas of Oxford. 



A stray horse wandered into this man's lot, grazed for a time, 

 and then commenced to gnaw a hard maple. The owner did 

 not notice the tree until it had commenced to decay. 



9. What can he do for this decaying maple? 



Ref. 7, pp. 139-143. 

 Ref. 9, pp. 166-183. 

 Ref. 11, pp. 218-229. 



1 . How remove the decayed parts ? 



2. How treat the cavity? 



3 . How fill the cavity ? 



1. With what should the cavity be filled? 



2. How put the cement into the cavity? 



3 . How finish the filling ? 



How treat this decaying tree? 



Conclusion: Treat decayed tree by removing all decayed 

 parts, making the opening as narrow as possible. Sterilize cavity 

 with a copper sulphate solution. Water proof by covering with 

 molten coal-tar. Fill with concrete made of one part cement, 

 two parts sand, four parts crushed stone, and enough water to 

 make the mixture settle well into all crevices. Finish with a 

 mixture of one part cement, two parts sand, and water to form a 

 mortar. The filling must stop at a depth equal to the thickness 

 of the bark, the surface of the filling should be convex. 



