5S NATURE-STUDY REVIEW [15:6 Nov., 1910 



zation with a pfoblem, but insists that the problem should arise out of the 

 child's experiences and should include only pertinent topics in its solution. 

 In a project-problem four steps are recognized: (i) Preparatory step, involv- 

 ing materials out of which a problem is raised; (2) Problem raised and con- 

 cisely stated; (3) Materials secured and interpreted; (4) Problem solved or 

 materials summarized. With increasing ability the problems should be 

 correspondingly more difficult. 



The following topics are suggestively treated: the history of the develop- 

 ment of project work; the relations of the project method to instincts; the 

 social basis for the project method; the significance of motivation; teaching 

 by projects; learning by projects; the project-question; the project-exercise; 

 the project-problem; manual projects; mental projects not involving manual 

 activity; the reorganization of the course of study; the preparation of the 

 teacher. 



The author is a practical school man and hais taken his illustrations from 

 actual experiences. The book is full of inspiration for every teacher, who 

 wishes to keep in close touch with the practical changes that are being rapidly 

 effected in the school curriculum. J. A. D. 



Frees and Shrubs in Winter. William Trelease, Professor of Botany in Illinois 

 State University and formerly director of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 

 in St. Louis. Published by the author, Urbana, 111. 

 This compact little book is the right size to slip into one's pocket when one 

 goes hiking in the woods and fields during autumn and winter. It is a com- 

 panion volume to Dr. Trelease' "Plant Materials of Decorated Gardening" 

 and equally well packed with terse, genuine unadulterated information. It 

 is rich in illustrations which are of great help in identifying trees and shrubs 

 by the leaf scars. It deals with 326 genera belonging to 93 families. The 

 book contains many keys for determining species and families, and is scientific 

 and reUable in the highest degree and it surely will prove to be of great value 

 to students of botany and to landscape gardeners as well as to others who 

 desire to acquire knowledge of our American trees and shrubs. 



PM9> OF W. r. HUHPHHV, aiNIVk, N. 



