1& ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX. 



gkrjgkr), a despieer. 



aigaq, the state of not being despised. 



2. Verbs formed from agflq, igt^q, and aig^i), by prefixing the verb dd, to make ; 

 die, to he; ]i, to Imve; m6, to Tcnow or experience ; or ^e, to do., to act: 



dag^r), to cause contempt or liatred. 

 diag^q, fo ^6 despised. 



if^, ^' > to he despised. 



mag^q, to he despised; to experience Imtred or contempt. 



sagfiq, to he despised; to despise. 



laig^q, to he not despised. 



saig^q, to he not despised., to despise not. 



3. Nouns formed from these verbs by the prefixes ' a/ ' i,' and ' ati.' It seems 

 unnecessary to write these nouns ; but observe that instead of aligilq, a despiser^ one 

 who is despised., we frequently hear oligaq, olug&q, and onigaq. Adagiq, one wlix) 

 causes contempt^ may be changed into onidag&q ; and in like manner ' oni ' may 

 be prefixed to diag^q, sagfiq, and saig^q, instead of ' a.' 



DERIVATION OF ADVERBS. 



§ 62. In the Yoruba language many abstract relations, as those of time and 

 place, are expressed by nouns ; as, oni, this day ; ana, the day hefore to-day., yesterday; 

 ola, the day after to-day^ to-morrow ; ibi, this place ; ibe, that place. These nouns 

 are formed into adverbs by prefixing 11 or ni, in ; as, li oni or loni, to-day ; li 

 ola or lola, to-morrow ; ni ibe or nibe, there, &c. 



§ 63. Adverbs of time expressing the idea of recurrence or repetition are 

 formed by reduplicating the first syllable of a noun expressing time, and then 

 prefixing li or ni, in ; as, odio, a day ; odiodio, day after day ; lodiodio, daily. 

 So from osu, a month., we have ososu and lo^osu, montldy., &c. 



§ 64. A few adverbs are formed by combining several words ; as, nigbagbogbo, 

 alioays (from ni, i)i, igba, ti?ne, gbogbo, all or every) ; nitorikini ? xoherefore ? 

 (from niti, in., as to ; ori, reason or cau4e ; kini, %olmf) ; boyi, perhaps (from bi, 



§ 65. Many adverbs consist of a reduplicated syllable or word; as, goge., alihe ; 

 gldigidi, w;'?/ / gmgoi., sluggishly ; 'kiiT)'kai),quicMy ; fiofio, w?'^/ (high). It is pro- 

 bable that all such adverbs were originally nouns, formed by reduplicating the 

 entire verbal root. 



§ 66. Although the adverbs are quite numerous, there are some relations which 

 none of them definitely express ; and hence both verbs and nouns are frequently 

 used adverbially, as in the following cases : 



1. For want of an adverb to express the idea of more, the verb diu, to surpass, 

 is employed in that sense ; as, dara dih {good s-mpassing), more good or hetter ; iwo 

 sise dzu mi, ymt worh more than I. Sometimes loli, to go, is added ; as, iwo kihe 

 (Mvl mi loh ; but it makes no perceptible addition to the sense. 



2. The adverb sokaq, togetlier, exjiresses the idea of unison or congrulty, rather 

 than that of being or acting in common ; and hence to denote the latter idea, the 



