22 ETYMOLOGY AITO SYNTAX. 



2. The same forms are used after a so-called compound verb, consisting of a verb 

 and a noun (§ 36), when, although the pronoun is rendered into English as an 

 objective, it really stands in the relation of possessor to the noun ;. as, mo beru r^, 

 I fear liim ; lit. mo ba eru r^, I meet tlie fear of Mm or Jiis fear. 



EMPHATIC AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 



§ 92. The personal pronouns are augmented by the addition of several words 

 equivalent to the English word self^ selves^ &c., as follows : 



1. Nd, tliat^ added to a pronoun makes it emphatic; as, ami nd, I myself ; iwe ti 

 emi nd, my own hook. 



2. Ara, body or self^ is used only before possessives, and performs two offices: 



a. Before a singular possessive it makes the pronoun reflexive ; as, 6 fe ara r^, 

 lie loves Mmself. 



h. Before a plural, it often makes the pronoun reciprocal ; as, nwoq fe ara woq, 

 tliey love eaxih other. 



3. Tikara (composed of ati, amd., eki, ovUy.^ and ara, sdf^., sometimes pronounced 

 tikala, is employed before possessives, and forms emphatic pronouns ; as, emi tikara 

 mi mo (/ and-only-self my hnow)^ 1 myself hnow / eqyiq tikara nyiq ri, ye your- 

 selves see. 



4. Kpakpa, self is added either to a nominative or objective pronoun, and ren- 

 ders it emphatic ; as, iwo kpakpa, tliee thyself. Kpakpa is more definite than nd, 

 being equivalent to very self. Sometimes tikara with its possessive pronoun is 

 followed by kpakpa; as, iwo tikara r^ kpakpa, tTiee thyself or thy very self. 

 But the expression ' iwo kpakpa ' appears to be equally strong without the addition 

 of ' tikara r^.' 



§ 93. Each of the foregoing expressions may be used in conjunction with nouns, 

 as follows : babd nd ri — ^babd ara vh ri — babd tikara r^ ri — babd kpakpa ri — ^babd 

 tikara r^ kpakpa ri ; each of which sentences signifies, failier Mmself sees. 



PLEONASTIC USE OF PRONOUNS. 



§ 94. Personal pronouns which would be superfluous in English are frequently 

 employed in Yoruba, as in the following cases : 



§ 95. 1. When a verb is separated from its nominative by intervening words ; 

 as, okoqri kaq ol9ro 6 ni iridiid kag (man oTie rich lie Iwd steward one)., a richmnn 

 had a steward. 



2. When the objective noun is separated from the governing word by a relative 

 clause, an objective pronoun is supplied after the governing word, whether it be a 

 verb or a preposition ; as, omo, ti o 16h oko, ekuq mu u (the cMld^ wlio lie tvent to- 

 thefarm^ a leopard catight hmi)^ a leopard caught tlie child who went to tlie farm, ; 

 alagbe, ti o koqriq li ode ni, mo fi i fu {tlie beggar., lolio lie sa/ng at tlie door it4s, I 

 gave it to), I gave it to the beggar who sang at the door. 



§ 96. Pleonastic 6 or 6, he, she, it, frequently occurs before verbs : 



1. When ti, tolio, which, is the subject of a relative clause ; as, enia ti o de (tlie 

 person who he came), tlie person who came; eqyiq ti o m5, ye who hnow. 



2. After ni or li, this one, tlmt one, when employed as a substitute for the relative 

 ti ; as, enia li o sin a, a people who err. 



