PRONOUNS. 11 



Objective. 



§ 19. 1. The objective pronouns, or those which properly denote the object of 

 the action, are, Sing., ma, me, ni, thee ; Plur., uq-pi, us, and ni-pi, you. 



2. a. These pronouns are used with active verbs to denote the object of the 

 action ; as, kaga, he made, makaga, he made me, ni6agapi, he made you. 



b. They are also used with neuter verbs and adjectives; as, jazai), to be sick, 

 mayazaq, / am sick; waste, good, mawaste, / am good. The English idiom 

 requires that we should here render these pronouns by the nominative case, although 

 it would seem that in the mind of the Dakotas, the verb or adjective is used imper- 

 sonally, and governs the pronoun in the objective. 



c. They are also incorporated into nouns, where in English the substantive verb 

 would be used as a copula ; as, wi6asta, man, wima6a6ta, / am a man. 



3. In the same cases where 'we' and 'ye ' subjective are used (see § 18. 4.), the 

 objective pronouns have the forms ' mi ' and ' ni,' instead of ' maki ' and nidi ;' as, 

 ki6aga, he makes to one, mi6aga, he makes to me, nidaga, he makes to thee, nidagapi, 

 he makes to you. 



4. There is no objective pronoun of the third person singular ; but ' wi6a ' (perhaps 

 originally man) is used as an objective pronoun of the third person plural; as, 

 wa^tedaka, to love any one, wastewi6adaka, he loves them; widayazaq, they are sick. 

 When followed by a vowel, the * a ' final is dropped ; as, e6awi6uqkidor)pi, we do to 

 them. 



§ 20. Instead of ' wa,' /, and ' ni,' thee, coming together in a word, the syllable 

 ' 6i ' is used to express them both ; as, wastedaka, to love, wastedidaka, / love thee. 

 The plural of the object is denoted by adding the term ' pi ;' as, wastedidakapi, / 

 love you. The only essential difference between ' di ' and the ' ur) ' of the dual and 

 plural is, that in the former the first person is in the nominative and the second in 

 the objective case, while in the latter both persons are in the same case. 



The place of the nominative and objective pronouns in the verb, adjective, or 

 noun, into which they are incorporated, will be explained when treating of those 

 parts of speech. 



Posse ssive. 



§ 21. a. The possessive pronouns are. Sing., mi or ma, my, ni, thy ; Dual, uq, 

 (my and thy) our ; Plur., uq-pi, our, ni-pi, your. 



b. These pronouns are prefixed to nouns which signify the different parts of 

 oneself, as also one's words and actions, but they are not used alone to express the 

 idea of property in general; as, mitaqdaq, my body ; minagi, my soul; mitawadiq, 

 my mind; mitezi, my stomach; misiha, my foot ; midaqte, my heart; miista, my 

 eye ; miisto, my arm ; mioie, my words,; miohaq, my actions ; uqtaqdaq, our two 

 bodies; uqtaqdaqpi, our bodies; nitaqdaqpi, your bodies; uqnagipi, our souls; 

 uqdaqtepi, our hearts. 



c. In those parts of the body which exhibit no independent action, the pronoun 

 of the first person takes the form ' ma ;' as, mapa, my head ; manoge, my ears ; 

 mapoge, my nose ; mawe, my blood, etc. 



§ 22. 1. The pronouns of the first and second persons prefixed to nouns signify- 

 ing relationship, arc, Sing., mi, my, ni, thy ; Dual, uqki, (my and thy) our ; Plur., 



