14 ETYMOLOGY. 



and denake6a, these many ; henaka and henake6a, those many ; and kanaka and 

 kanake6a, so many as those. 



2. ' Dai) ' or ' na ' is sometimes suffixed with a restrictive signification ; as, dena, 

 these, denana, only these ; hena, those, henana, only so many. 



§ 28. 1. Also '!kon' partakes of the nature of a demonstrative pronoun when it 

 refers to some person or thing mentioned before; as, widasta koq, that man. 



2. When ' a ' or ' aq ' of the preceding word is changed into ' e,' ' koq ' becomes 

 '6ik:oq ' (§ 7. 1.) ; as, tuwe waqmdake 6ik:oq, that person whom I saw, or the person 

 I saw. 



ARTICLES. 



§ 29. There are properly speaking only two articles, the definite and indefinite. 



Definite Article. 



§ 30. 1. The definite article is kiq, the ; as, wida^ta kiq, the man, maka kiq, the 

 earth. 



2. The definite article, when it occurs after the vowel ' e ' which has taken the 

 place of ' a ' or ' aq,' takes the form ' 6iq ' (§ 7. 1.) ; as, wi6a6ta kide 6iq, the had 

 man. 



3. In conversation, 'kiq,' after nouns, is sometimes contracted into 'g,' which is 

 suffixed to the noun ; as, oyateg, for oyate kiq, the people ; makag, for maka kiq, 

 the earth. 



§ 31. The demonstrative ' ^oq ' approaches very nearly to the nature of the 

 article, and may often be rendered accordingly. See § 28. 



Indefinite Article. 



§ 32. The indefinite article is 'waq,' a or an, probably a contraction of the 

 numeral waq;^i, one ; as, widasta waq, a man. 



CHAPTER II. 



VERBS. 

 FORMS OF VERBS. 



Verbal Roots. 



§ 33. The Dakota language contains many verbal roots, which are used as verbs 

 only with certain causative prefixes, and which form participles by means of certain 

 additions. The following is a hst of the more common verbal roots : — 



baza, smooth gata, spread hna., fall off 



ga, open out guka, spread out hnayaq, deceive 



gaq, open out hiqta, brush off huhuza, shake 



gapa, open oui hmuq, twist h<Ja, open out, expand 



