18 ETYMOLOGY. 



2. The plural is formed by suffixing 'pi;' as, wasteuqdakapi, we love him; 

 manipi, they walk, 



3. There are some verbs of motion which form what may be called a collective 

 plural, denoting that the action is performed by two or more acting together or in 

 a body. This is made by prefixing ' a ' or ' e ;' as, u, to come, au, they come ; ya, 

 to go, aya, they go ; naiiq, to stand, ena^iq, they stand. These have also thie 

 ordinary plm-al ; as, upi, yapi, na^iqpi. 



Mood. 



§ 43. There are three moods belonging to Dakota verbs : the indicative, impera- 

 tive, and infinitive. 



1. The indicative is the common form of the verb; as, 6eya, he cries; 6eyapi, 

 they cry. 



2. a. The imperative singular is formed from the third person singular indicative 

 and the syllables ' wo ' and ' ye ;' as, 6eya wo, 6eya ye, cry thou. Instead of ' ye,' 

 the Mdewakaqtoqwai) has ' we,' and the Titoqwaq ' le.' 



b. The imperative plural is formed by the syllables ' po,' ' pe,' ' m,' and ' miye ;' 

 as, 6eya po, 6eya pe, deyam, and 6eya miye. It has been suggested that ' po ' is 

 formed by an amalgamation of ' pi,' the common plural ending, and ' wo ' the sign 

 of the imperative singular. In like manner ' pi ' and ' ye ' may be combined to 

 make ' pe.' The combination of ' miye ' is not so apparent. 



The forms ' wo ' and ' po ' are used only by men ; and ' we,' ' ye,' ' pe,' and ' miye ' by women, 

 though not exclusively. From observing this general rule, we formerly supposed that sex was indicated 

 by them ; but lately we have been led to regard ' wo ' and ' po ' as used in commanding, and ' we,' ' ye,' 

 ' pe,' and ' miye,' in entrcatinff. Although it would be out of character for women to use the former, men 

 may and often do use the latter. 



When ' po,' ' pe,' or ' miye '  is used it takes the place of the plural ending ' pi ;' as, ceya po, ceya 

 miye, cry ye. But vrith the- negative adverb ' ^ni,' the ' pi ' is retained ; as, (feyapi ^ni po, do not cry. 



Sometimes in giving a command the ' wo ' and ' ye,' signs of the imperative, are not expressed. 

 The plural endings are less frequently omitted. 



3. The infijiitive is commonly the same as the ground form of the verb, or third 

 person singular indicative. When two verbs come together, the first one is usually 

 to be regarded as the infinitive mood or present participle ; and is contracted if 

 capable of contraction (§ 11); as, wagyaka, to see any thing, waqyag mde kta, 

 {to-sec it I-go will) I will go to see it ; nahoq wauq, {hearing I-ani) I am hearing, 

 or / hear. 



What in other languages are called conditional and subjunctive moods may be formed by using the 

 indicative with the conjunctions u^kaijs, kijjhai) or ciijhaij, tuka, esta or iia,, and kes, which come after 

 the verb ; as, ceya uijkaijs, if he had cried ; ceye ciijhar), if he cry ; deye kta tuka, lie would cry, but he 

 does not ; wahi uqkaq^ waka^ke kta tuka, if I had come, I would have bound him. 



Tense. 



§ 44. Dakota verbs have two tenses, the aorist or indefinite, and i\\Q future. 



1. The aorist includes the present and imperfect past. It has commonly no 



