VERBS. 19 



particular sign. Whether the action is past or now being done must be determined 

 by circumstances, or by the adverbs used. 



2. The sign of the future tense is ' kta ' placed after the verb. It is often changed 

 into ' kte ;' for the reason of which, see § 6. 1. 6. 



What answers to a perfect past is sometimes formed by using ' ^oi) ' or ' ci^oi),' and sometimes by the 

 article ' kii) ' or ' cii) ;' as, taku nawahoi) Ijcor), what I heard. 



Participles. 



§ 45. 1. The addition of ' haq ' to the third person singular of some verbs makes 

 an active participle; as, ia, to speak, iahai), speaking ; na^iq, to stand, naiiqhaq, 

 standing ; mani, to walk, manihaq, walking. The verbs that admit of this forma- 

 tion do not appear to be numerous. 



2. The third person singular of the verb when preceding another verb, has often 

 the force of an active participle; as, natoq wauq,/ am hearing. When capable 

 of contraction it is in this case contracted ; as, waqyaka, to see, waqyag nawaziq, 

 / stand seeing. 



§ 46. 1. The verb in the plural impersonal form, has in many instances the force 

 o{ a passive participle ; as, makaskapi wauq, {me-thexj-bound I-am) I am bound. 



2. Passive participles are also formed from the verbal roots (§ 33) by adding 

 ' hag ' and ' wahaq ;' as, ksa, separate, ksahaq and ksawahai), broken in two, as a 

 stick. In some cases only one of these forms is in use ; but generally both occur, 

 without however, so far as we have perceived, any difference in the meaning. 



A few of the verbal roots are used as adjectives ; as, mdu, fine ; but they also take the participial endings, 

 as, mduwahaq, crumbled fine. 



CONJUGATION I. . 



§ 47. Those which are embraced in the first conjugation are mostly active verbs, 

 and take the subjective pronouns 'ya' or 'ye,' and ' wa' or 'we,' in the second and 

 first persons singular. 



First Variett. 



§ 48. The first variety of the first conjugation is distinguished by prefixing or 

 inserting ' ya ' and ' wa,' pronouns of the second and first persons singular. 



A. PronouTis Prefixed.. 



Kaska, to tie or bind any thing. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 



AORIST TENSE. 



Sir^. Dual. Plnr. 



3. ka^ka, he hinds or he bound. ka^kapi, they bind. 



2. yakdska, thou bindest. yakii^kapi, ye bind. 



1. wakdika, / bind. uijkiiSka, we two bind. ui)kA4kapi, we bind. 



