NOUNS. 3]; 



6. Abstract nouns are formed from adjectives by prefixing ' wido,' which may be 

 regarded as compounded of ' wi6a ' and ' wo ;' as waste, good, widowa^te, goodness, 

 waoq^ida, vierciful ; wi6owaor) sida, mercy. 



7. a. Nouns are formed from verbs in the intransitive or absolute state by 

 suffixing ' pi ;' as, wowa, to paint or write, wowapi, (^they wrote something) something 

 written, a writing or book ; wayawa, to count, wayawapi,^^Mres or arithmetic. 



b. Any verb may be used with the plural ending as a verbal noun or gerund, 

 sometimes without, but more commonly with, the definite article ; as, i6azo, to take 

 credit, i6azopi, credit ; wayawaste, to bless, wayawastepi, blessing; waihaijgya, /o 

 destroy, waihaqgyapi, destroying ; e6or), to do, ecoqpi kiq, the doing of a thing. 



8. When ' s'a ' is used after verbs, it denotes frequency of action, and gives them 

 the force of nouns of the person; as, kage s'a, a maker; edoqpi s'a, doers ; 

 yakogpi s'a, dwellers. 



Diminutives. 



§ 63. ' Daq ' or ' na ' is suffixed to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs, and 

 has sometimes a diminutive and sometimes a restrictive signification. 



1. Suffixed to nouns, ' daq ' is generally diminutive ; as, mde, lake, mdedaq, little 

 lake ; wakpa, river, wakpadai), little river or rivulet ; apa, some, apadai), a small part. 



2. Some nouns now appear only with the diminutive ending, although they may 

 formerly have been used without it; as, hoksidaq, boy ; suqlipadaq, little dog, puppy ; 

 ^uqgidaq, fox. 



3. Nouns ending with this diminutive take the plural termination before the daq ; 

 as, hok^idaq, boy, hok^ipidaq, boys. 



4. Some nouns ending in ' na,' when they take the plural form, change ' na ' into 

 ' daq ;' as, wi6iqyaqna, girl, widiqyaqpidaq, girls ; wanistiqna, a few, plur. wani- 

 stiqpidaq. In some cases ' daq ' is used only in the plural form ; as, tonana, a few, 

 plur. tonanaqpidaq. 



The Ihar)ktoi)wai3s and Sisitogwaijs commonly use ' na,' and the Titoijwaijs ' la,' instead of ' dar),' for 

 ihe diminutive ending; as, hoksina and hoksila, for hoksidaq. 



§ 64. 1. ' Daq ' is often joined to adjectives and verbs, as the last principal word 

 in the clause, although it properly belongs to the noun ; as, ^uktaqka waq waste-daq 

 {horse a good-little), a good little horse, not a horse a little good ; ni6iqksi ceye-daq 

 {thy-son cries-little), thy little son cries. 



2. When used with a transitive verb, ' daq ' may belong either to the subject or 

 the object of the verb; as, nisuqka suqka kiktedaq (thy-brother dog his-killed-little), 

 thy little brother killed his dog, or thy brother killed his little dog. 



Gender. 



§ 65. 1. Gender is sometimes distinguished by different names for the masculine 

 and feminine; as, wicasta, man, winolliq6a, woman; tataqka, buffalo bull, pte, 

 buffalo cow ; hehaka, the male elk, upaq, the female elk. 



2. But more commonly the distinction is made by means of adjectives. ' Wi6a ' 

 and ' wiqyaq ' denote the male and female of the human species ; as, hoksiyokopa 



