NOUNS. 33 



§ 69. But the relation is pointed out more definitely by adding to the last term 

 a possessive pronoun, either separate or incorporated. 



1. Sometimes the pronouns ' tawa ' and ' tawapi ' are used after the second noun ; 

 as, tataqka woyute tawa, (hiffalo food his) huf aid's food ; woyute suktaqka tawa- 

 pi, (yfood horse theirs) horses' food ; wi6a^tayatapi tipi tawa, {chief house his) the 

 chief's house. 



2. a. But generally the possessive pronouns are prefixed to the name of the thing 

 possessed ; as, tataqka tawote, (buffalo his-food) buffalo's food ; Dawid taaqpetu, 

 {David his-day) the days of David. 



Sometimes ' ti ' is prefixed instead of ' ta ;' as, waqhiijkpe, an arrow ; Dawid tiwar)hiijkpe, David's 

 arrow. 



Nouns commencing with ' i ' or ' o ' prefix ' t ' only ; as, ipahig, a pillow ; Hake tipahiq, Hake's pillow ; 

 owiqia, a bed ; Hake towijjze, Hake's bed. 



Abstract nouns which commence witli ' wo ' drop the ' w ' and prefix ' t ;' as, wowaste, goodness ; Wa- 

 kar)tai)ka towaste, Ood's goodness. (See § 23. 2. b.) 



b. Nouns expressing relationship form their genitive by means of the suffix pro- 

 nouns ' ku,' ' 6u,' ' tku ;' as, suqka, younger brother, Dawid suqkaku, David's younger 

 brother ; 6ii)ye, the elder brother of a man, Tomas 6iq6u, Thomas's elder brother ; 

 6iqk8i, a daughter, wi6asta diqksitku, man's daughter. 



Proper and Family Names. 



§ 70. The proper names of the Dakotas are words, simple and compounded, 

 which are in common use in the language. They are usually given to children by 

 the father, grandfather, or some other influential relative. When young men have 

 distinguished themselves in battle, they frequently take to themselves new names, 

 as the names of distinguished ancestors or warriors now dead. The son of a 

 chief, when he comes to the chieftainship, generally takes the name of his father or 

 grandfather; so that the same names, as in other more powerful dynasties, are 

 handed down along the royal lines. 



1. a. Dakota proper names sometimes consist of a single noun ; as, Mahpiya, 

 Cloud ; Hoksidai), Boy ; Wamdeni6a, Orphan; Wowadiqyai), Faith. 



b. Sometimes they consist of a single adjective ; as, Sakpe, {Six) Little-six, the 

 chief at Prairieville. 



2. a. But more frequently they are composed of a noun and adjective ; as, Ista- 

 hba, {eyes-sleepy) Sleepy-eyes ; Tatar) ka-haq ska, {buffalo-long) Long buffalo ; Mato- 

 hota, Grizzly-bear ; Wamdi-duta, Scarlet-eagle ; Mato-tamahe6a, Lean-bear ; Maza- 

 hota. Grey-iron ; Maza-s'a, Sounding-metal ; Wapaha-sa, Red-Jlag-staff, called now 

 Wabeshaw. 



b. Sometimes they are formed of two nouns ; as, Mahpiya-wi^asta, Cloud-man ; 

 Pe^ihuta-wi^a^ta, Medicine-man; Ite-wakigyaq, Thunder-face. 



3. Sometimes a possessive pronoun is prefixed ; as, Ta-mako6e, His country ; 

 Ta-peta-tar)ka, His-great-fire ; Ta-oyate-duta, His-red-people. 



4. a. Sometimes they consist of verbs in the intransitive form, which may be 

 rendered by nouns ; as, Wakute, Shooter ; Wanapeya, One-who-causes-flight. 



