36 



ETYMOLOGY. 



NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 



Cardinals. 



§ 80. The cardinal numerals are as follows 



waq6a, waqi^i, or waq^idaq, one. 



nor) pa, two. 



yamni, three. 



topa, four. 



zap tag, Jive. 



sakpe, six. 



sakowiq, seven. 



sahdogaq, eight. 



nap6iqwaqka, nine. 



wik6emna, 

 wik6emna nor) pa, 

 wik6emna yamni, 

 wik6emna topa, 

 opawiqge, 

 opawiqge noqpa, 

 kektopawiqge, 

 woyawa taqka. 



ten. 



twenty, 

 thirty, 

 forty, 

 a hundred, 

 two hundred, 

 a thousand, 

 the great count, 

 or a million. 



1. The numbers from eleven to eighteen inclusive, are formed in two ways : 



a. By ake, again; as, ake waqzidai), eleven; ake noqpa, twelve; ake yamni, 

 thirteen, etc. Written in full, these would be wik6emna ake war)i;idar), ten again 

 one ; wik6emna ake nor)pa, ten again two, etc. 



In counting, the Dakotas use their fingers, bending them down as they pass on, until they reach ten. 

 They then turn down a little finger, to remind them that one ten is laid away, and commence again. 

 When the second ten is counted, another finger goes down, and so on. 



b. By saqpa, more ; as, wikcemna saqpa waq^idar), te7i more one, (10 + 1) or 

 eleven; wik6emna saqpa topa, (10 + 4) fourteen ; wik6emna sagpa sahdogar), 

 (10 + 8) eighteen. 



2. Nineteen is formed by uqma, the other ; as, uqma napdiqwaqka, the other 

 nine. 



3. a. Wik6emna noqpa is (10 x 2) twenty, and so with thirty, forty, etc. The 

 numbers between these are formed in the same way as between eleven and eighteen ; 

 as, wikdemna noqpa saqpa waqiiidaq, or, wik6emna noqpa ake war)i;idar), (10X2+1) 

 twenty-one ; wik6emna noigpa saqpa nap6iqwaqka, (10 x 2 + 9) twenty-nine ; wik6e- 

 mna yamni saqpa topa, (10x3 + 4) thirty-four; wikdemna zaptaq saqpa nap6iq- 

 waqka, (10 x 5 + 9) fifty-nine. Over one hundred, numbers are still formed in the 

 same way ; as, opawiqge saqpa wik6emna sakpe saqpa sakowiq, (100 + [10X6] +7) 

 one hundred and sixty-seven; kektopawiqge noqpa saqpa opawiqge zaptaq saqpa 

 wik6enuia yamni saqpa sakpe, ([1000 x 2] + [100 x 5] + [10 x 3] + 6) two thousand 

 five hundred and thirty-six. 



b. The numbers between twenty and thirty, thirty and forty, etc., are occasionally 

 expressed by placing an ordinal before the cardinal, which denotes that it is 

 so many in such a ten ; as, iyamni topa, four of the third (ten) i. e. twenty-four ; 

 itopa yamni, three of the fourth (ten) i. e. thirty-three. 



§ 81. Numeral adjectives by reduplicating a syllable express the idea of two and 

 two or by twos, three and three or by threes, etc. ; as, nomnoqpa, by twos ; yamnimni, 

 by threes ; toptopa, by fours, etc. 



