ADVERBS. 37 



(1.) Waqiikzi, the reduplicate of wai)ii, properly means hy ones, but is used to signify a few. 



(2.) Noijpa and topa are often contracted into nom and torn ; and are generally reduplicated in this 

 form ; as, nomnom, hy twos ; tomtom, by fours. 



(3.) Yamni, zaptag, sakowir), and wikc'emna, reduplicate the last syllable ; as, yamnimni, zaptaijptai), 

 sakowiijwii), and wikcemnamna. The same is true of opawiijge and kektopawii)ge ; as, opawiqgege, by 

 hundreds. 



(4.) Napciowaijka and ^ahdogaij reduplicate a middle syllable, as, napcii(wai)gwai)ka, by nines, 

 4ahdohdogag, by eights. 



§ 82. Wai]6a, noqpa, yamni, etc., are also used for once, twice, thrice, etc. Noqpa 

 noqpa he6en topa, twice two so four, that is, twice two are four. And ' akihde ' is 

 sometimes used for this purpose ; as, noqpa akihde noi)pa, two times two. 



§ 83 1. 'Daq ' or 'na,' suffixed to numeral adjectives, is restrictive ; as, yanrni, 

 three, ysunnins,, only three ; zsiptar},fve, za,ptaT:)iiaL, only fve. 



2. With monosyllabic words ' na ' is doubled, as, nom, two, nomnana, only two ; 

 tOTa, four, tomnana, only four ; huqh, a part, huqllnana, only a part. 



Ordinals. 



§ 84. 1. The ordinal numbers, after tokaheya,/r5/, are formed from cardinals by 

 prefixing ' i,' ' i6i,' and ' yi'idi ;' as, inoqpa, i6inor)pa, and vsfi6inoqpa, second ; 

 iyamni, i6iyamni, and vsri^iyamni, third; itopa, i6itopa, and wi6itopa, fourth; 

 iwik6emna, tenth, etc. 



2. In like manner we have iake waq^i, eleventh ; iake noqpa, twelfth ; lake yamni, 

 thirteenth, etc.; iwik6emna noqpa, twentieth; iopawiqge, one hundredth, etc. 



§ 85. When several numbers are used together, the last only has the ordinal 

 form ; as, wik6emna noqpa saqpa iyamni, twenty-third ; opawiqge saqpa iake noqpa, 

 hundred and twelfth. 



CHAPTER V. 



ADVERBS. 



§ 86. There are some adverbs, in very common use, whose derivation from other 

 parts of speech is not now apparent, and which may therefore be considered as 

 primitives ; as, e6a, when ; kuya and kun, under, below ; kitaqna, a little, not much ; 

 nina and liir)6a, very ; ohiqni, always; saqpa, more ; taqkan, without, out of doors ; 

 waqna, now, etc. 



§ 87. But adverbs in Dakota are, for the most part, derived from demonstrative 

 pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs ; and in some instances from other 

 parts of speech. 



1. Adverbs are formed from demonstrative pronouns, by adding 'han' and 'haq,' 

 ' ken ' and ' 6en,' ' ketu ' and ' 6etu,' ' en,' ' ki ' and ' kiya,' ' <Si ' and ' diya.' 



a. By adding ' han ' and ' haq ;' as, de, this, dehan, here, now ; he, that, hehan, 

 there, then ; ka, that, kahan and kahaq, then, there, so far. 



