38 ETYMOLOGY. , 



b. By adding ' ken ' and ' den ;' as, kaken, in this manner ; e6a, when, edaken, 

 whenever, always ; de6en, thus ; heden, in that way, 



c. By adding ' ketu ' and ' detu ;' as, kaketu, m that manner ; de6etu, in this way ; 

 hedetu, so, thus. 



d. By adding ' en,' in, in a contracted form ; as, de, this, den, here ; he, that, 

 hen, there ; ka, that, kan, yonder ; tukte, which ? tukten, where ? 



e. By adding ' ki ' and ' 6i,' ' kiya ' and ' 6iya ;' as, ka, that, kaki and kakiya, 

 there ; de, this, de6i and dediya, here. 



2. Adverbs are formed from adjectives, by adding ' ya ;' as, wa^te, good, wasteya, 

 well ; sida, had, sidaya, hadly ; taqka, great, taqkaya, greatly, extensively. 



3. a. Adverbs are formed from verbs, by adding ' yai) ;' as, iyuskii), to rejoice, 

 iyuskiqyar), rejoicingly, gladly ; taqyai), well, may be from the obsolete verb ' tai) ' 

 (as they still use ataq, to regard, take care of) ; itoqsni, to tell a lie, itoqsniyaq, 



falsely. 



b. Some are formed by adding ' ya ' alone ; as, aokaga, to tell a falsehood about 

 one, nokahya., falsely. 



c. In a few instances adverbs are formed from verbs by adding ' na ;' as, inahni, 

 to be in haste, inahnina, hastily, temporarily. 



4. Adverbs are formed from other adverbs. 



a. By adding ' tu ;' as, dehan, now, dehantu, at this time ; hehan, then, hehantu, 

 at that time ; tohan, when ? tohantu, at what time ? 



b. Other forms are made by adding ' ya ' to the preceding ; as, dehantuya, thus, 

 here ; hehantuya, there ; dedetuya, so ; toketuya, in whatever way. 



c. Others still are made by the further addition of ' ken ;' as, dehantuyaken, 

 toketuyaken. The meaning appears to be substantially the same after the addition 

 of ' ken ' as before. 



d. Adverbs are formed from other adverbs by adding ' yai} ;' as, dehan, now, 

 here, dehaqyar), to this time or place, so far ; tohan, when? tohaqyai), as long as, 

 how long? ohir)ni, always, ohiqniyaq, ybr ever. 



e. Adverbs are formed from other adverbs by adding ' tkiya ;' as, kun, below, 

 kuqtkiya, downwards ; waqkan, above, waqkaq tkiya, upwards. 



5. Some adverbs are formed from nouns. 



a. By prefixing ' a ' and taking the adverbial termination ' ya ;' as, paha, a hill, 

 apahaya, hill-like, convexly ; wanida, none, awanin and awaninya, in a destroying 

 way. 



b. By suffixing ' ata ' or ' yata,' etc. ; as, he^ a hill or ridge, lleyata, back at the 

 hill. 



6. Adverbs are derived from prepositions. 



a. By adding ' tu ' or ' tuya ;' as, mahen, in or within, mahentu or mahetu and 

 mahetuya, iriwardly. 



b. By adding ' wapa ;' as, ako, beyond, akowapa, onward ; mahen, in, raahenwapa, 

 inwardly. 



