ARTICLES. 45 



1. When a demonstrative pronoun forms with a noun, pronoun, adjective, or 

 verb, a proposition, of which it is the subject or object, it is placed first ; as, hena 

 tataijkapi, those are oxen ; de miye, this is I ; dena wasteste, these are good; he 

 mayaku, (that me-thou-gavesi) thou gavest me that. 



2. But when used as a quahficative of a noun, or noun and adjective, it is placed 

 last ; as, wi6a^ta kiq hena, (man the those) those men ; wi6a6ta waste kig dena, 

 (man good the these) these good men. 



§ 109. The demonstrative pronouns ' he ' and ' hena ' are often used where 

 personal pronouns would be in English ; as, ate uma^i kiq he widayadapi sni, 

 (father me-sent the that ye-believe not) my father who sent me, him ye believe not ; 

 ate uma^i kig he mahdaotaqiq, (father me-sent the that rg.e-declareth) my father 

 who sent me he beareth witness of me. 



§ 110. Demonstrative pronouns are often used in Dakota when they would not be 

 required in English ; as, isaq kiq he iwa6u, (knife the that I-took) I took the knife. 



RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 



§ 111. 1. Tuwe, who, and taku, what, are used, both as interrogative and 

 relative pronouns, and in both cases they stand at the beginning of the phrase or 

 sentence ; as, tuwe yaka he, whom dost thou mean ? taku odake 6ir), what thou 

 relatest. 



2. a. In affirmative sentences, ' tuwe ' and ' taku ' are often used as nouns, the 

 former meaning some person, and the latter, some thing ; as, tuwe he manor), some 

 one has stolen that ; taku iyewaya, / have found something. 



b. In negative sentences with ' daq ' suffixed, tuwe may be rendered no one, and 

 taku nothing ; as, tuwedaq hi sni, no one came (lit. some-little-person came not) ; 

 takudaq duhe hm, (some-little-thing thou-hast not) thou hast nothing. See § 25. 3. 



§ 112. It has been shown (§ 25. 1) that compound relative pronouns are formed 

 by joining ' ka^ta ' or ' kake^ ' to ' tuwe ' and ' taku ;' as, tuwe ka^ta hi kiqhai) he 

 wa^u kta, (whoever comes if, that I-give will) if any one comes, I will give it to him ; 

 taku kasta waqmdake diqhai) wakute kta, (whatever T-see if, I-shootwill) if I see any 

 thing I will shoot it, or / will shoot whatever I see. 



ARTICLES. 



Definite Article. 



Position. 



§ 113. 1. When a noun is used without any quahficative, the definite article 

 immediately follows the noun; as, maka kiq, (earth the) the earth; wida^ta kiq 

 waste, (man the good) the man is good. 



2. When a noun is used with an adjective as a qualifying term, the article follows 

 the adjective ; as, widasta wa^te kiq, (man good the) the good man. 



3. When the noun is followed by a verb, an adverb and verb, or an adjective, 

 adverb, and verb, the definite article follows at the end of the phrase, and is generally 

 rendered into Enghsh by a demonstrative or relative pronoun and article ; as, taku 



