/ 



62 SYNTAX. 



§ 142. ' Nuq ' or ' nor) ' is sometimes used instead of ' kta,' as the sign of the future 

 tense, in interrogative sentences, and also when something future is spoken of as 

 uncertain; as, mda nuq he, shall I go? token e6or)pi nuq taqiq sni, they knew not 

 what they should do. 



§ 143. Before the verbs ' e6iq ' and ' epda,' ' ke ' sometimes marks the future 

 tense of the first person ; as, mda ke ep6a, / will go thought I. 



§ 144. In interrogative sentences ' hiq ' is sometimes used for 'kta he,' denoting 

 the future tense ; as, wau hiq, shall I come ? 



AUXILIARY VERBS. 



§ 145. There are several verbs, which are used with others as auxiliaries, such 

 as, ' iyeya,' ' kiya,' and ' ya ' or ' yaq.' 



§ 146. 1. ' Iyeya,' when used with other verbs, expresses the additional ideas of 

 completion and suddenness; as, yustaq iyeya, he made a finish of it ; kaksa iyeya, he 

 cut it off suddenly. In this way ' iyeya ' is often used to give force and animation 

 to the style. 



2. Verbs used with ' iyeya,' if capable of contraction, are contracted ; as, 

 kaptui;a, to split, kaptus iyeya, he split it open. 



3. ' Iyeya ' is often used with prepositions and adverbs, sometimes with and 

 sometimes without their taking the verbal prefixes ; as, pamahen iyeya, to push 

 into ; yuhukun iyeya, to put down ; ohna iyeya and mahen iyeya, to put into any 

 thing. 



§ 147. ' Kiya' is used with verbs as a causative suffix ; as, edoqkiya, to cause to 

 do ; kahkiya, to cause to make ; naiiqkiya, to cause to stand. The pronouns are 

 inserted before the causative. 



§ 148. ' Ya or ' yaq ' is a suffix which occurs so frequently, and whose use is 

 sometimes so different from that of any English verb, that it demands a special 

 notice. 



1. a. It is used as a causative suffix ; as, e6oqya, to cause to do ; maniya, to 

 cause to walk. In this case it always has a noun or pronoun for its object expressed 

 or understood ; as, mani mayayapi, you cause me to walk. 



h. ' Ya ' used with adjectives makes of them active verbs ; as, 6aya, to dye or 

 paint red ; samya, to blacken. 



2. a. It is used with words denoting relationship, where in Enghsh we should 

 employ a possessive pronoun, and seems to have the force of to have, or have for ; 

 as, he atewaya, {that father-I-have) that is my father ; Ateuqyaqpi mahpiya ekta 

 naqke 6iq, {father-we-have heaven in thou-art the) our Father who art in heaven. 



b. ' Ya ' with nouns shows what use a thing is put to ; as, de i^aqwaya, this I 

 have for a knife ; he tiyopayaya, that thou usest for a door. 



3. When the pronouns 'ma,' 'ni,' and 'uq,' are used without the pronoun 'ya' 

 following, 'ya' becomes 'yaq ;' as, atemayaq, he has me for father ; ateuqyaqpi, 

 our father. But when ' ya,' thou or you, follows, the vowel is not nasalized ; as, 

 atemayaya, thou hast me for father ; ateuqyayapi, you call us father. 



