58 SYNTAX. 



b. But ' to,' a contracted form of ' toke6a,' and ' he,' the common sign of interro- 

 gation, stand at the end ; as, duhe sni to, why dost thou 7iot have it ? yahi he, hast 

 thou arrived ? 



§ 176. Interrogative adverbs and others often prefix or insert personal pronouns ; 

 as, nitonakapi he, how many are there of you ? tonitaqhaq he, whence art thou ? 

 hemataqhaq, / am from that place. 



Reduplication. 



§ 177. 1. Most adverbs may make a plural form by doubling a syllable, in which 

 case they may refer either to the subject or the object of the verb, and are used 

 with verbs both in the singular and plural number ; as, taqyaq ecoq, he does it well; 

 taqtaqyaq e6oi), he has done several things well ; taqtaqyaq e6or)pi, they have done 

 well. 



2. If the verb relates to the united action of individuals, the adverb is not 

 reduplicated ; but if the individuals are viewed as acting independently, the redupli- 

 cated form must be used ; as, suktaqka kiq tketkeya kiqpi, the horses carry each a 

 heavy load. 



3. The reduplicated form of the adverb is used when reference is had to different 

 times, places, distances, etc. ; as, wi6a^ta kiq tehaq ni, the man lived long ; wi6asta 

 kig tehaqhaq nipi ede, men live long ; e6adar) wahi, / came soon ; e6a6adai) wahi, 

 I come frequently ; he haqskaya baksa wo, cut that long ; hena haqskaskaya baksa 

 wo, cut those long ; a^kadar) euqtipi, we encamped at a short distance ; a^ka^kadaq 

 euqtipi, we encamped at short distances. 



Use of Certain Adverbs. 



§ 178. 1. In general propositions, ' e6a ' or ' 6a,' when, is used with ' e6e ' or ' 6e ' 

 at the end of the clause or sentence ; as, waniyetu 6a wapa 6e, when it is winter it 

 snows. 



2, The particle '6e,' in most cases however, indicates the close of a direct 

 quotation of the words of oneself or of another ; as, de6en e6anoq kiqhar) yani 

 kta 6e, Wakaijtaqka eya 6e, if thou dost thus, thou shalt live, God said. 



§ 179. In reply to questions which have the negative form, assent to the negative 

 proposition contained in the question is expressed by haq, yes, and dissent by hiya, 

 no ; as, yahi kte 6ni he ; haq, wahi kte km, thou wilt not come, wilt thou ? yes, I will 

 not come ; yahi kte sni he ; hiya, wahi kta, thou wilt not come, wilt thou ? no, I will 

 come. If the question be put affirmatively, the answer is the same as in English. 



§ 180. 'Tohan' and 'kiqhai) ' are often used together with the same verb, in 

 which case ' tohan ' precedes the verb and ' kiqhaij ' follows it ; as, tohan yahi 

 kiqhai) mde kta, when thou comest I will go. 



§ 181. When 'itokam' is used in reference to time, it is often preceded by the 

 adverb of negation ; as, yahi sni itokam, (thou-comest not before) before thou comest. 



Negative. 

 § 182. 1. Negation is expressed by placing after the verb, adjective,, noun, or 



