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classes in which the sexes are in separate flowers. 

 Finally, the flowerless plants, such as the ferns, 

 lichens, and fungi, were united as cryptogamia, 

 having their organs of reproduction more or less 

 concealed. 



The next part of the classification refers to 

 orders which are sub-divisions of classes. The 

 orders of the first thirteen classes, mentioned above, 

 are founded on the number of styles (or of stigmas 

 if these are absent), and the names given, relate to 

 the number and the term gynia, or female. 



Thus the order monogynia includes plants of all 

 the thirteen classes that have only one style to each 

 flower, such as the primrose ; and so on, until poly- 

 gonia, or " many female " — plants of such an order, 

 having more than twelve styles, like the rose and 

 clematis. 



One class has a very important division into two 

 orders, one of which has naked and the other 

 covered seeds ; another has orders from the shape 

 of the fruit or pod. Linnaeus divided the crypto- 

 gamia into six orders — the ferns, mosses, liverworts, 

 lichens, fungi, and seaweeds. There is no doubt 

 that this classification enables the name of a plant 

 to be discovered, if it has been properly described 

 and named, very easily, and it added to the facilities 

 of classificatory botany. But it did not bring plants 

 having many other and very important characters 

 together, and it separated many which are closely 

 allied by similar structures. It was and is called the 

 artificial system. It was not a natural classification 



