II] WOODLAND ASSOCIATIONS 75 



"Atropa Belladonna" Centaurea Scabiosa 



Galium verum Picris hieracioides 



G. sylvestre Hieracium spp. 



"Rubia peregrina" H. sciaphilum 



Dipsacus pilosus H. britannicum 



Scabiosa Columbaria Carex ornithopoda 



Campanula Trachelium Scirpus compressus 



Eupatorium cannabinum " Polygonatum multiflorum " 



Inula squarrosa "P. officinale" 



( = 1. Conyza) Helleborine atro-rubens 

 Arctium nemorosum ( = Epipactis atro-rubens) 



Serratula tinctoria "Orchis pyramidalis" 



On the other hand, the following species are found in the 

 oak and birch woods, and are absent from the ash woods of the 

 Peak District: 



Trees and shrubs 



Salix aurita Quercus sessiliflora 



Betula pubescens Rhamnus Frangula 



Undershrubs 



Salix repens Erica cinerea 



Ulex Gallii Calluna vulgaris 



U. europaeus Vaccinium Myrtillus 



Cytisus scoparius V. Vitis-idaea 



Herbaceous species 



Equisetum sylvaticum Jasione montana 



Cryptogamma crispa Wahlenbergia hederacea 



Blechnum spicant Gnaphalium sylvaticum 



Nephrodium montanum Senecio sylvatica 



N. spinulosum Holcus mollis 



Corydalis claviculata Deschampsia flexuosa 



Pyrola minor Molinia caerulea 



P. media Carex binervis 



Scutellaria minor C. helodes 

 Digitalis purpurea ( = C. laevigata) , 



Melampyrum pratense (agg.) Luzula sylvatica 



Galium saxatile Orchis ericetorum 



Several species, whilst occurring both in the ash and in 

 the oak and birch woods, ascend to higher altitudes in the 

 former than in the latter; and the following are examples of 

 such species : 



