VIII] 



CULTIVATED LAND: CULTURE ASSOCIATIONS 



203 



The plants in the following list are mostly counted as 

 " weeds " by the farmer. They are most abundant in the fields 

 bordering on the uncultivated land, which are less frequently 

 and less regularly manured than the fields at lower levels. 

 Most of the species are really indigenous to the district, and 

 would perish if the fields in which they occur were manured 

 more systematically. The list contains most of the species of 

 the more upland permanent pastures on the sandstones and 

 shales, although, owing to the manuring, there is no great 

 difference between the permanent pastures of the sandstones 

 and shales and those of the limestones: 



In drier pastures 



In damper pastures 



Ophioglossum vulgatum 

 Pteris aquilina 

 Eumex Acetosella 

 Polygonum Bistorta 

 Cerastium vulgatum 

 Potentilla erecta 

 P. procumbens 

 Lotus corniculatus 

 Trifolium medium 

 Lathyrus montanus 

 Hypericum pulchrum 

 Viola lutea 

 Pimpinella Saxifraga 

 Veronica officinalis 

 Euphrasia officinalis 

 Rhinanthus Crista-galli 

 Plantago lanceolata 

 Galium saxatile 

 Campanula rotundifolia 

 Centaurea nigra 

 Chrysanthemum Leucan- 



themum 



Leontodon hispidum 

 Crepis virens 

 Hieracium Pilosella 

 Agrostis vulgaris 

 Briza media 

 Festuca ovina 

 Luzula campestris 



*Rumex alpinus 

 Stellaria graminea 

 Ranunculus repens 

 R. bulbosus 

 R. acris 



Saxifraga granulata 

 Alchemilla pratensis 

 Sanguisorba officinalis 

 Trifolium repens 

 T. pratense 

 Anthriscus sylvestris 

 Heracleum Sphondylium 

 Conopodium majus 

 Prunella vulgaris 

 Ajuga reptans 

 Veronica Chamaedrys 

 Achillaea Ptarmica 

 A. Millefolium 

 Bellis perennis 

 Senecio Jacobaea 

 Hypochaeris radicata 

 Leontodon autumnale 

 Taraxacum officinale 

 Holcus lanatus 

 Deschampsia caespitosa 

 Carex ovalis 



*Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus 

 *Crocus nudiflorus 



Near the upper limits of cultivation, the manuring often 

 consists of dressings of lime or of farmyard manure ; and it is 

 only as the lowlands are approached that chemical manuring 

 is freely utilized. 



