27 



this domain, it would seem that the Neo-Darwinists and the 

 Neo-Lamarckians will each have to concede something, and 

 finally to adopt a position midway between the two, if that 

 be possible. Vernon Kellogg sums up the situation as follows : 

 "Natural Selection remains the one causo-mechanical ex- 

 planation of the large and general progress toward fitness; 

 the movement toward specialization; that is, descent as we 

 know it." 1 "But what Darwinism does not do is to explain 

 the beginnings of change. What is needed, then, is a satis- 

 factory explanation of the pre-useful and pre-hurtful stages 

 in the modifications of organisms. Among all the divergent 

 lines of development and change instituted by this agent of 

 beginnings, Natural Selection will choose those who persist 

 by saying No to those who may not. And the result is organic 

 evolution." 2 



2. "THE DESCENT OF MAN." 



(1) Mental and Moral Phenomena from the Standpoint of 

 Natural Selection. 



We shall next consider Darwin's ' Descent of Man '. 3 This 

 work was first published in 1871. It might be noted here that 

 Vol. I of Herbert Spencer's second edition of 'The Principles 

 of Psychology' (which will be examined later) appeared in 

 1870, from which Darwin quotes in 'The Descent of Man'. 



It will have been noticed in 'The Origin of Species' that 

 the descent theory is treated purely from the standpoint of 

 Natural Science. When we come to 'The Descent of Man', 

 however, the field is widened so as to include the phenomena 

 of the intellectual and moral spheres; and it will here be 

 interesting to note from the plan according to which Darwin 

 writes his work, the different standpoints from which he views 

 man, according as he is considering him from the biological or 

 psychological point of view. In the first chapter ' ' the evidence 

 of the descent of man 4 from some lower form" is dealt with. 

 In the fourth chapter we are led to consider the manner of this 

 development. The laws of variation are said to be the same 

 in man as in the lower animals. It is a study in biology simply. 

 In chapters two, three, and five, however, we meet with a 

 treatment of the intellectual and moral facts a comparison 

 of the intellectual and moral powers of man with those of the 

 lower animals. In chapter six we find ourselves once more in 

 the sphere of biology in connection with the subject of "the 



'O.C. p. 376. 



2 Ibid. 



3 Charles Darwin, "The Descent of Man", John Murray, 1871. 



4 Clearly, the physical organism is here indicated. 



