59 



In the animals are found all the emotions which character- 

 ize man, with the exception of those which refer to religion, 

 moral sense, and perception of the sublime. 1 So with instinct : 

 "In many especially during the periods of infancy and 

 youth w T ell-marked instincts are presented, which have 

 reference chiefly to nutrition, self-preservation, reproduction 

 and the rearing of progeny." 2 



In regard to Volition, "no one has seriously questioned 

 the identity of kind between the animal and the human will, 

 up to the point at which so-called freedom is supposed by 

 some dissentients to supervene and characterize the latter." 3 



"Lastly, the same remark applies to the faculties of Intel- 

 lect. Enormous as the difference undoubtedly is between 

 these faculties in the tw r o cases, the difference is conceded not 

 to be one of kind ab initio. On the contrary, it is conceded 

 that up to a certain point namely, as far as the highest 

 degree of intelligence to which an animal attains there is 

 not merely a similarity of kind, but an identity of correspond- 

 ence. In other words, the parallel between animal and human 

 intelligence which is presented in my Diagram, and to which 

 allusion has already been made, is not disputed." 4 



In his chapter on Ideas, Romanes states: "I now pass on 

 to consider the only distinction which in my opinion can be 

 properly drawn between human and brute psychology." 8 

 That distinction Romanes defines in the words of Locke, 

 namely, "the power of abstracting", "the having of general 

 ideas-". 6 Ideas for Romanes are analyzable into percepts, 

 'recepts', and concepts, in an ascending order of importance. 

 Recepts he divides into lower and higher. Animals do not 

 advance beyond the stage of lower recepts; the child advances 

 from lower to higher recepts, or "pre-concepts" as Romanes 

 also calls them, and in the child the transition is traceable 

 from thence to concepts. 7 "Therefore, the facts of compara- 

 tive psychology are strongly suggestive of the superadded 

 powers of the human intellect having been due to a process of 

 evolution." 8 



>O.C. p. 7. 

 2 Ibid. 

 3 Ibid. 

 4 Ibid. 



6 O.C. p. 20. 

 Ibid. 



7 O.C, particularly Chs. 3, 9, 10, and 11. 

 p. 7. 



