60 



3. C. LLOYD MORGAN. 



C. Lloyd Morgan, in his work on 'Animal Life and In- 

 telligence' 1 adheres closely to the line which has been followed 

 by the previous writers. "In the following pages I have 

 endeavoured to contribute something to our deeper know- 

 ledge of those mental processes which we may fairly infer from 

 the activities of dumb animals." 2 In harmony with his pre- 

 decessors Lloyd Morgan introduces his work by an exhaustive 

 explanation of the mechanism of the nervous system, for "The 

 subject of intelligence is inexplicably intertwined with the sub- 

 ject of life, the subject of organic evolution with the subject of 

 mental evolution," 3 though it is advisable to remember, 

 Morgan tells us later on, that "even if the two are mentioned 

 in a breath, the physiological and the psychological belong to 

 distinct orders of being". 4 He continues: " We must picture 

 the central nervous system co-ordinating and organizing the 

 stimuli brought into it by different nerves from the organs of 

 special sense, and handing over the resultants by efferent 

 nerves to the organs of special activities. * * * How this is 

 effected is one of the many wonders of the animal organism. 

 We believe that the connection and co-ordinations have gradu- 

 ally been established during a long process of development and 

 evolution reaching far back into the past. But when we turn 

 from the physiological to the psychological aspect of the ques- 

 tion, we enter a new world, the world of consciousness wherein 

 the impressions received by the recipient organs (no longer 

 regarded as mere stimuli but as elements of consciousness) are 

 co-ordinated and organized, and are built up into those sensa- 

 tions and perceptions through which the objects of the external 

 world take origin and shape." 5 "We may say, then, that im- 

 pressions (resulting from stimuli) and their revival in memory 

 (shadows or after-images) are the bricks of the house of know- 

 ledge. * * The sense impression of external origin gives rise 

 to an impression of similarity or dissimilarity, which is part 

 of the internal reaction to the external stimulus. These im- 

 pressions are raised to the level of sensations." 6 But it must 

 be borne in mind that "Sensation has nothing to do with the 

 objects around us as such; it is by perception that we are 

 aware of their existence * * * giving rise to constructs. For 



1 C. Lloyd Morgan, "Animal Life and Intelligence," 1890. Edward 

 Arnold, 2nd ed. 1891. 

 2 O.C. preface. 

 3 Ibid. 



4 O.C. p. 350. 

 5 O.C. pp. 303-4. 

 6 O.C. p. 305. 



