62 



mental or psychical products are the inseparable concomi- 

 tants of certain organic or physiological processes, then we 

 have a basis from which to start. That basis I adopt." 1 It is, 

 therefore, the evolution of the physiological processes which we 

 observe, and we take for granted that psychological evolution 

 follows as a necessary consequence. 



As has already been indicated, physiological evolution is 

 accounted for by the operation of pleasure and pain factors. 

 In this respect, also, Morgan is in harmony with previous 

 writers, which may be observed in his account of the feelings : 

 "Accepting now the theory of evolution, we may say, further- 

 more, that during the long process of the moulding of life to 

 its environment, there has been a constant tendency to associ- 

 ate pleasure with such actions as contribute towards the pre- 

 servation and conservation of the individual and the race; 

 and to associate pain with such actions as tend to the destruc- 

 tion or detriment of the individual or the race. For there can 

 be little doubt that pleasure and pain are the primary incen- 

 tives to action." 2 



4. J. MARK BALDWIN. 



Five years after the publication of Lloyd Morgan's work 

 on 'Animal Life and Intelligence', Baldwin issued his 'Mental 

 Development in the Child and the Race ', 3 wherein he continued 

 this line of investigation in the sphere of child psychology, 

 by endeavouring to trace the development of the child mind 

 through its expression "facial, lingual, vocal, muscular". 4 



"Observation of an infant," he says, "for the first month 

 or six weeks of its life, leads to the conviction that its life is 

 mainly physiological." 5 "The child shows contracting move- 

 ments, growing movements, starting and jumping move- 

 ments, shortly after birth, and so plainly that we need not 

 hesitate to say that these pain responses are provided for in 

 his nervous system." 6 At a little later period there is a transi- 

 tion from this physiological stage. Various sleep suggestions 

 illustrate "as conclusively as could be desired, the passage of 

 purely physiological over into sensory suggestion." 7 



KXC. p. 336. 

 2 O.C. p. 380. 



3 James Mark Baldwin, "Mental Development in the Child and the 

 Race", 1895, The Macmillan Co., 1906. 

 4 O.C. p. 37. 

 6 O.C. p. 105. 

 6 O.C. p. 136. 

 7 O.C. p. 111. 



