64 



learning of new lines of action, go out from the gray matter of 

 the cortex of the brain." 1 



"The physical basis of memory and association," Baldwin 

 says, "is accomplished in the organism by an arrangement 

 whereby a group of processes, corresponding to what we call 

 in consciousness 'copies for imitation', some of them external 

 as things, some internal as memories, conspire, so to speak, to 

 'ring up' one another. When an external stimulus starts one 

 of them, that starts up others in the centres, and all the re- 

 actions which wait upon these several processes tend to realize 

 themselves. So, many reactions which, but for this, would 

 never get stimulated except when the actual material stimulus 

 is there, are started by and with others whose stimuli are there. 

 And with the multiplying of these secondary or remote ways 

 of stimulation, the more varied and complex habits of the 

 organism come to be less dependent upon the particular ex- 

 ternal events of the world, and more capable of remote stimu- 

 lation through senses which originally did not constitute their 

 stimulus, but which by this organic conspiracy called I may 

 as well anticipate association, come to do so; while the in- 

 creasing variety of conspiring elements constantly recruited 

 from the new experiences of the world, and all represented by 

 certain nervous processes make up a large and ever larger 

 mass of connected centres, which vibrate in delicate counter- 

 poise together." 2 



"The neurological function already described as 'The 

 Physical Basis of Memory' and the manner of its rise, will at 

 once suggest the psychological doctrine as well. * * * Such a 

 process thus started gives to consciousness the picture or 

 image of the object which we call a 'memory'." "We have 

 found the organism developing a system of centres and nerve 

 connections for the purpose of being relieved of its dependence 

 upon direct sense stimulation. On the side of consciousness 

 we have a parallel. The question on the side of consciousness 

 as to how different 'copies' get to ring one another up, in such 

 a system, is the question of association." 3 "Association by 

 contiguity is simply the progress from external togetherness 

 into internal togetherness, from fact to memory." "Your 

 spoken word brings up my written word copy. Why? Because 

 sound and written copy existed together when I learned to 

 write, and so on with all instances." 4 "Presentations are 

 associated by contiguity because they unite in a single motor 



^'Social and Ethical Interpretations"; The Macmillan Co., 1897, p. 63. 

 '"Mental Development in the Child and the Race", p. 266. 

 O.C. p. 286. 

 *O.C. p. 288. 



