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changed ; and the earth has supplied the food which has kept 

 the race alive. In all these cases, if we are concerned only 

 with the simple enumeration of particulars, why has necessity 

 not been predicated of these relations as well as of the relation 

 of two and two to four? On Spencer's theory, they are just 

 as much entitled to it as are the mathematical relations. 



It is necessary to conclude, therefore, that the necessity 

 which Spencer speaks of as characterizing the relations in the 

 environment, is derived, not from empirical enumeration 

 but from definition. It is further evident, in consequence, 

 that such a physiological theory of the origin of the 'neces- 

 sities of thought', upon which are based the truths of mathe- 

 matics, fails to account for such origin. 



3. INTERDEPENDENCE OF PSYCHICAL AND PHYSICAL 

 PHENOMENA. 



The state of dependence and subordinance of the mental, 

 according to the Associationists' theory, in relation to the 

 substratum of physical and physiological phenomena, is also 

 claimed in the ethical sphere. Mental and moral phenomena 

 are depicted as being produced and controlled by inherited 

 nerve and brain structures, the blood supply, the viscera, etc. 



Let it be granted, for argument's sake, that varying 

 organic facts have an influence on conscious data, morally 

 considered; but Spencer equally admits that conscious data 

 may likewise be credited with a certain amount of influence 

 on organic phenomena. As evidence of the fact of dependence 

 of the physiological upon psychological phenomena, we do 

 not need to go further than Spencer's own account of the 

 functioning of the pleasure-pain factors in the development 

 of man. 



" Pains, " Spencer states, "are correlatives of actions in- 

 jurious to the organism, while pleasures are the correlatives 

 of actions conducive to its welfare. It is an inevitable de- 

 duction from the hypothesis of evolution that races of sentient 

 creatures could have come into existence under no other con- 

 ditions. MI Romanes states that he has little to add to the 

 treatment which this subject has had at the hands of Spencer; 

 and Lloyd Morgan and Baldwin take up similar positions. 



Now this is a surprising situation, in view of the standpoint 

 which it has just been seen Spencer maintains in connection 

 with the relation of the physiological to the moral. There, 

 he was attempting, in accordance with his main standpoint, 

 to vindicate the view that the order of progress was from the 



1 Seep. 50. 



