quote Cornford, "out of which individual things were born and 

 into which they are resolved again". 1 



If one turns from Anaximander to Empedocles, he sees the 

 same attitude of mind exhibited which marked the Milesian philo- 

 sopher. Though, as has been already shown, Empedocles was 

 influenced considerably by mystical conceptions yet he likewise 

 carried on that observation of facts, which Heracleitus so much 

 despised and Anaximander, apparently, found so advantageous. 

 Empedocles attempted to explain everything by the four elements, 

 which, under the influence of "Love" and "Strife", formed 

 themselves into different proportions, thus producing the various 

 things of nature. Besides these cosmological inquiries Empedocles 

 was greatly interested in what we to-day would call physiological, 

 psychological and chemical pursuits, while Aristotle called him 

 the inventor of rhetoric, and Galen made him the founder of a 

 school of medicine. The line of development, which is here being 

 traced, leads, however, especially to his work in cosmology. He 

 saw that it needed at least four elements or constituents to account 

 for the multiplicity of things. These roots were eternally distinct 

 from each other. Anaxagoras, his contemporary, however, found 

 it difficult to agree that hair could come from not hair, 2 and so 

 claimed that "all things were together infinite both in number and 

 in smallness; for the small too was infinite, and, when all things 

 were together, none of them could be distinguished for their small- 

 ness". 3 The homoiomeries of Anaxagoras, as they are called, 

 were then qualitatively different. The smallest portion of any- 

 thing is still that thing. Instead of Love and Strife, Anaxagoras 

 substituted what he called Nous to account for motion. But, 

 just as the Love and Strife of Empedocles were considered spacial, 4 

 so with Nous. It cannot be called spiritual neither material. 

 To use such terms at this period is to be guilty of an anachronism. 

 Nous is the thinnest of all things, it occupies space, for there are 

 greater and smaller parts of it. 5 Upon these speculations, which, 

 as can be readily seen, were far more in accord with the facts than 

 the theories advanced by such as Heracleitus and Parmenides, 

 Leucippus and Democritus built up their system. The only frag- 



1 Op. Cit. P. 8. 



2 Diel's Edn. Cf. fr. 10. 



3 Fr. I. 



Cf. fr. 17. 

 5 Cf. fr. 12. 



17 



