CHAPTER IV. 

 THE SUBORDINATION OF SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY. 



"With the age of Aristotle, Grecian civilization stepped out 

 from its national restrictions and into the great general movement 

 in which the peoples of antiquity that dwelt about the Mediterra- 

 nean, through interchange and adjustment of their ideas, became 

 fused into one common civilization." Thus Professor Windelband 

 commences the second part of his History of Philosophy. The 

 intellectual life of man is always closely connected with the general 

 movement of civilization. Systems of philosophy and advances in 

 the special sciences, despite apparent evidence, at times, to the 

 contrary, do not arise evacuo, and the thought of the Graeco-Roman 

 world is no exception to this rule. This fusion of different elements, 

 which resulted in the "one common civilization" of which Windel- 

 band speaks, reveals two dominant characteristics, the ethical and 

 the religious, and so the views of the world that arise show these 

 same general traits. The ethical period finds its centre, still, in 

 Greece, and is earlier than the religious period ; the latter is develop- 

 ed mainly in Alexandria, but, gradually, gains such prominence that, 

 taken over into the thought of succeeding centuries, it is enthroned 

 in the very heart of Scholasticism. 'The representatives of the 

 first period are the Epicureans and Stoics, those of the second 

 development the Neoplatonists, Gnostics, and early Church Fathers. 



Philosophy, it has been seen, consists in a scientific attempt to 

 form a world-theory, which gives a rightful place to all the facts. 

 Any attempt which bases its theory upon and includes only a few 

 of the facts will be necessarily inadequate, and, for that reason, 

 the world-views advanced by the thinkers of the Graeco-Roman 

 world are less deserving of the name philosophy than those of Plato 

 and Aristotle. The Epicureans and Stoics were especially impress- 

 ed by certain facts of man's moral life and certain theories in rela- 

 tion thereto. This was a result to be expected, for the teaching of 

 the Sophists and of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle had led men to pay 

 more attention to the individual, his desires and motives. And 



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