Resembling somewhat the spiritualism of the Monadology is 

 the teaching of the empiricist, Berkeley. The likeness between 

 the two, however, is superficial and consists mainly in the opposi- 

 tion of each to materialism. As already seen, Berkeley has had 

 great influence in regard to theory of knowledge, but he likewise 

 enunciated a Weltanschauung, and it should not be overlooked 

 that he has wonderfully affected modern philosophy and especially 

 that type known as Idealism. Too frequently, modern writers 

 have taken Berkeley to task for exhibiting what they call a Sub- 

 jective Idealism. But the function which he assigned to the Eternal 

 Spirit and his belief in the existence of things outside the percep- 

 tion of the individual are clear enough refutations of all ascrip- 

 tions to him of any such theory. The world of thought owes 

 much to English empiricism, and, though Locke, Berkeley and 

 Hume did not develop philosophical systems to the same extent 

 as did the rationalists, yet they assisted towards the building of 

 a philosophy by emphasizing the necessity of investigating experience 

 as a preliminary to any world-theory. This emphasis upon ex- 

 perience, as well as the emphasis upon the belief in that which 

 transcended experience, was to have its effect, through Kant, 

 upon subsequent thought. 



Immanuel Kant was born at Konigsberg, Prussia, in 1724. 

 At the age of eight years, he was sent to Frederick's College in 

 his native town. Here under the influence, mainly, of the cele- 

 brated Pietist, Schulz, the religious views, inculcated by his 

 mother, were fostered and developed. Then in 1740 Kant entered 

 the University of Konigsberg, and there studied philosophy, 

 mathematics and theology. Fifteen years later he commenced to 

 lecture in his home university; in 1770 he was made full professor 

 of logic and metaphysics, which position he held till in 1797 in- 

 creasing infirmities of age led him to give up lecturing. The uniform 

 course of the great but modest scholar's life was disturbed neither 

 by the brilliancy of the fame that came to him nor by the opposition 

 of theological orthodoxy, exhibited towards him in his closing days. 

 He died in Konigsberg in the year 1804. 



The writings, by which Kant is best known, are chiefly the 

 three critiques, the Critique of the Pure Reason published first 

 in 1781 and then in a second edition in 1787, the Critique of the 



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