HUMAN BONES IN THE CAVE OF CRO-MAGNON. 85 



c. The Ulna. 



There are five specimens of the upper articular end of the Ulna. One of these is very massive, curved 

 from before backwards, very rough at the olecranon, and deeply marked hy muscular impressions. 

 The four others are less robust. They belonged to three different persons. One only is quite thin and 

 delicate. 



Two lower ends, corresponding, have the normal curvature. 



Lastly, there is a very remarkable fragment of a shaft. Its anterior surface, instead of being smooth, 

 is hollowed deeply by a groove ; and its hinder face, though convex, is quite rough. Can these be traces 

 of rickets ? 



d. The Radius. 



Of this bone there are two upper extremities and two lower, differing in size. One of these two radiuses 

 must have been at least 262, and the other 270 millims. in length. There is also a fragment of the body 

 of the bone. 



All these radius bones are large, but have nothing abnormal about them. 



e. The Hand. 



There are only some metacarpals and phalangeal bones. The former comprise the second, third, and 

 fourth, and are in general longer, less excavated, and less curved on the lower face than the same bones 

 in a modern specimen. 



The first phalanges, corresponding with the metacarpals, are not only longer but in general broader in 

 the body, though the articular cavities are shallower. 



Hence the hand was broad, the fingers large and less used than in the modern races. 



With data so fragmentary as the foregoing, it is impossible to determine the length of the upper 

 extremities compared with the lower. My impression is that the arm, in its totality, was short in relation 

 to the pelvic limb, and that the forearm was long relatively to the arm above the elbow. 



4. THE VERTEBBAI, COLUMN AND EIBS. 



a. Vertebral. 



There remains a solitary atlas, belonging to the Old Man. It is large and strong; indeed the support of 

 the upper and lower articular facet is enormous, and the inequalities where the annular ligament is 

 attached present two knobs projecting into the cavity. The inferior articular surfaces also are very broad. 

 The transverse processes are square instead of triangular. On the other hand, the cavity is narrowed in its 

 anterior portion. The antero-posterior internal diameter is 30, and the transverse 26 millims. Externally 

 the width from one transverse process to the other is 81 millims., and the antero-posterior diameter 

 49 millims. 



To another and younger skeleton belong a set of from the third to the sixth cervical, with a length of 

 56 millims., and with 11 to 14 millims. for the height of the several vertebra). The seventh, belonging to 

 another individual, is 16 millims. high. The spinous process remains only on the third, where it is bifid. 

 Within, the transverse diameter is 20 and the fore-and-aft measurement 15 millims., both for the third and 

 the sixth of these cervical vertebrae. 



To the same individual apparently belongs also another set of from the second to the ninth dorsal 

 vertebrae, with a length of 160 millims. The backward curve is here well pronounced. In the seventh 



