116 HELIQUDE AQUITANICLE. 



This Table shows clearly that the ascending ramus, the breadth of which is in relation with the volume 

 of the masticatory muscles, is far more developed in the Old Man of Cro-Magnon than in aU the Europeans, 

 ancient or modern, that I have studied in the Collection of the Anthropological Society. To appreciate the 

 significance of this character, it is well to remember that the great size of the ascending ramus is now-a-days 

 chiefly noticeable among savage races. Thus in seven lower jaws, from Oceania, which are in the Collection of 

 the Anthropological Society, there are three which surpass in this respect the maxima observed in our European 

 series. Three jaws, of a Bushman, Kafir, and Javan, figured full-size in Plate I. of Barkow's great work*, 

 also have dimensions greater than these maxima, but, as in all other cases, less than those of the jaw under 

 notice from Cro-Magnon. This is shown by the following Table, in which also I have introduced the measure- 

 ments taken from the skull of Troglodytes Awbryi given to the Anthropological Society by Gratiolet, and from 

 five other skulls of Anthropomorphous Apes, which I have deposited in the Society's Collection : 



Dimensions of the Ascending Kami of the Lower Jaws. 

 TransTerse Diameter. Oblique Diameter. 



French. English. French. English. 



milliui. inch. inilliiu. inch. 



Old Man of Cro-Magnon . . 49 1-929 44 1-732 



Man of Tahiti 43 .... 1-693 44 .... 1-732 "\ 



I Collection of the An- 



of the Isle of Pines 1 



\ 40 .... 1-575 44 .... 1-732 > thropological Society 



(New Caledonia). J I f p. ' 



of New Caledonia 44 1-732 46 1-81 1 J 



Bushman (male) 41 1-614 42 1-654 Barkow, fig. 13. 



Kafir (male) 41 .... 1-614 41 .... 1-614 , fig. 12. 



Javan (male) 42 .... 1-654 42 .... 1-654 , fig. 10. 



Troglodytes Aubryi (young) 40 1-575 40 1-575 ^ 



-niger (adult) 48 .... 1-890 52 . . 2-074 I 



Aubnji (adult) 57 .... 2-244 53 . . 2-087 I CoUectlon of the An ' 



<?on7fcfc%o(adultmale).. 73 .... 2-874 70 .... 2-756 f ^P^eal Society 



- Savagii (adult male). . 72 .... 2-835 68 .... 2-677 



(adult female) . . 56 .... 2-205 59 .... 2-323 



Thus, as to the dimensions of the ascending ramus, the Old Man of Cro-Magnon takes his place between 

 semisavage or uncivilized races and the Anthropomorphous Apes. We must not, however, exaggerate the 

 importance of this fact. In the first place, this Old Man was probably larger and stronger than most of 

 those with whom we have compared him, and it is natural that his jaw should require a very broad surface 

 for the insertion of the masticatory muscles ; and, secondly, we must not forget that, though the ascending 

 ramus presents unusual dimensions, recalling those of the Apes, the conformation of the body of the jaw is, 

 on the contrary, quite different from that characterizing the Simian type. 



The facial region of the Woman (C. Plate V.) differs, at first sight, altogether from that of the Old Man ; 

 but on closer examination we find most of the characters above described, though in a much feebler form. 

 Thus the upper part of the face is orthognathousf, although the tooth-sockets are prognathous ; but the 



* H. Carl Leopold Barkow, ' Comparative Morphologie der Menschen und der menschenahnlichen Thiere,' 

 part 2, pi. 1. figs. 10, 12, and 13. 



t The absence of the left temporal bone prevents the facial angles being measured; but there is no 

 doubt of these angles being very open. 



