150 EELIQULE AQUITANIC^. 



associated with those of a Mastodon and two Apes (Semnopithecw monspessulanus 

 and Macacus prisons, Gerv.), with which they were contemporary. The presence 

 of Apes, always incapable of being acclimatized in cold regions, necessarily implies, 

 for the epoch when this commingled fauna lived on the Pliocene coast of the Medi- 

 terranean, conditions of a higher temperature than that of our cooler climates. 



"Nevertheless it has transpired that at a certain epoch of the following or 

 Quaternary Period the same species of Rhinoceros, as well as the Hippopotamus, 

 dating like them from the Pliocene Period, must have met together, existing in 

 different parts of Central Europe with the Elephant (Elephas primigenius) and 

 the shaggy Rhinoceros (Rh. tichorhinns), seeing that their remains are found 

 imbedded pell-mell in the same deposits. We have to add that the Reindeer and 

 Musk-ox (Ovibos moschatus) also have left their remains with them. 



" To explain, however, how the Reindeer and Musk-ox were enabled to exist in 

 Europe in the Glacial or Quaternary Period, side by side with the Hippopotamus 

 and Rhinoceros, previously contemporaries of the Pliocene Apes, we are led to 

 disallow much of the supposed rigours of the Glacial Period, the climate of which 

 was probably marked by varieties much less extreme than those of the actual 

 climate of modern times. In a word, it necessitates cooler summers for the 

 Reindeer and Musk-ox, and, on the other hand, milder winters for the Hippo- 

 potamus and other species whose analogues have retired towards the tropical 

 regions. 



" Similar conditions of temperature are by no means incompatible with the 

 great extension attributed to the Quaternary glaciers. We meet with their 

 realization in certain parts of the globe, particularly in mean latitudes. Thus 

 in Chile, according to Mr. Darwin, at 38 south latitude the glaciers of the 

 Andes descend to the sea-shore opposite the Island of Chiloe. 



" In the Southern Island of New Zealand, where perpetual snow exists at an 

 altitude of scarcely more than 2000 metres, the glaciers extend down to within 

 some hundred metres from the shore; and the savants attached to the Novara 

 Expedition testify that in proximity to those glaciers there exists a forest vege- 

 tation of tropical physiognomy Palms and Tree-ferns abounding. It has been 

 remarked* that in certain parts of that island the difference between winter and 

 summer can scarcely be distinguished. 



"It may be said that there it is the property of certain littoral or insular 

 climates. But, in the opinion of most of our geologists, at the very moment of 

 the greatest development of the glacial phenomenon in Europe, vast tracts of 



* " Chapman's ' New Zealand Almanack ' for 1867, p. 57." 



