DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PLATES BONE IMPLEMENTS, ETC. 93 



In arranging on B. Plate XI. this group of Shells in the form of a Necklace, 

 we do not presume to decide that all were exclusively used in this manner ; but 

 we have been led to adopt this arrangement by analogous circumstances, certainly 

 of more recent date, such as those observed in the tumulus in Phrenix Park, 

 near Dublin, where a series of very similar shells (Littorina littoralis} was found 

 "immediately under each skull," perforated (like those of Cro-Magnon), and 

 still retaining some vegetable fibre which had served to string them together. 

 In the ' Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy,' by W. R. Wilde, 

 &c., 8vo, 1857, p. 183, a series of these shells are figured as part of a necklace, 

 together with an urn and a double-headed bone pin found in the same tumulus 

 (figs. 131-133). See also the 'Crania Britannica,' by Dr. J. B. Davis and Dr. J. 

 Thurnam, vol. i. Decade iii. fig. 22. 



Shells of Littorina, under the name of Nerita littoralis, are mentioned* by 

 Dr. Buckland as having been found in the Paviland Cave (Goat's Hole), Glamor- 

 ganshire ; but, though not described by him as being perforated, one at least of 

 these shells, preserved in the Museum at Oxford, has been pierced like those 

 at Cro-Magnon f. 



According to Dr. Buckland's account these Littorina-shells were associated 

 with some remains of a human skeleton, which was regarded by him, we know 

 not why |, as that of a woman, and has since become famous as "the Red Lady 

 of Paviland." Visiting the Oxford Museum, in 1863, accompanied by Dr. Fal- 

 coner, and most courteously received by Prof. Phillips, we assured ourselves, by 

 measurement of some of the long bones of this so-called " Red Lady," that they 

 belonged to an individual of very great stature. Some of these bones are 

 reddened with oxide of iron ; and we saw that the remains of ivory implements 

 are in the same state of alteration as the fragments of Elephants' tusks from 

 which, as Dr. Buckland says, the implements had been made. These circum- 

 stances are strikingly analogous to what we observe in the Cave at Cro-Magnon, 

 where also were found, besides Periwinkle-shells, the stump of an Elephant's 

 tusk, with implements and ornaments made possibly from the ivory of the same 



* ' Eeliquiae Diluvianae,' 1823, page 88 ; in these words : " close to that part of the thigh-bone where 

 the pocket is usually worn, I found, laid together and surrounded also by ruddle, about two handfuls of 

 small shells of the Nerita littoralis, in a state of complete decay, and falling to dust on the slightest 

 pressure." 



t With Professor Phillips's kind assistance, Mr. Eupert Jones was lately enabled to examine these 

 specimens. 



+ Except, perhaps, because Periwinkle-shells and ivory beads are stated to have been found with a 

 female skeleton in a tumulus. 







