if injured, die quickly in a hollow dry soil ; while in a firm 

 soil, even should part of the root system be cut by a wire- 

 worm, the plant soon re-establishes itself. 



The Time to Plough. Under present conditions it is not 

 usually possible for the farmer to choose his time ; he must 

 plough whenever the weather is suitable, and although 

 ploughing out of season may necessitate modifications in the 

 usual tillage, good results maybe expected to follow suitable 

 handling. 



There are two cases in which emphasis has been laid on 

 ploughing at the right time. 



(a) The first is the case of poor heavy clay land in the 

 drier parts of the country. Soils of this type are dense, sour 

 and lack air. If exposed to the hot summer sun and to 

 summer rain they crumble and form a healthy seed bed. 

 Land of this type should be broken in summer so that there 

 may be at least a partial fallow. When such land is 

 ploughed up out of season it is likely to require specially 

 careful management. 



(6) The second case in which timely ploughing is insisted 

 on is that of the medium or light land of those districts 

 most subject to wire worm attacks. It has been the experi- 

 ence of a number of farmers that the oat crop on late 

 ploughed and late sown land has been better than on grass 

 broken up earlier in the season. If there were a choice, it 

 is unquestionable that there would be less trouble from 

 wireworm on land ploughed in March than December 

 in certain parts of the southern counties. On the other 

 hand, crops sown in the second half of March are more sub- 

 ject to the attacks of frit fly than those sown earlier, and, 

 given intelligent management, it would appear that the early 

 sown crop on land ploughed in autumn and winter may 

 often be as safe as the late sown. 



As success so frequently depends on burying the turf pro- 

 perly, disc and skim coulters attached to the plough are most 

 useful in breaking up grass. 



Cultivation after Ploughing-. In many cases, especially 

 in those of the medium and light soils in the north and 

 west, the subsequent cultivation of grass land ploughed 

 up with the ordinary ley furrow is a simple matter. 

 If ploughed early in the season, so that the well-packed 

 furrow slice has time to consolidate further and to weather 

 down under frost and rain, the broadcast sower and 

 harrow will do all that is required until in the late Spring 

 the roller prepares the surface for the harvester. But the 

 old sod, the tractor plough, and late spring ploughing 

 with the object of defeating wireworm, have between them 

 brought four implements, the disc cultivator, the disc drill, 



