FRUIT CULTURE 141 



air and plenty of sunlight. I believe that the most of our orchards, 

 possibly barring a few varieties of fruit, can be handled perfectly 

 well without using the summer fungicides, if the tops are thinned 

 out enough. As you all know, the fungous diseases develop best 

 in a moist atmosphere and in the shade. I have seen quantities of 

 fruit grown perfectly free from any disease without any summer 

 spraying or fungicide, especially where the tops were thin. 



If you are spraying several times with both insecticide and fungi- 

 cide and are getting good results, and when you cannot get the same 

 results by using other methods, do not change. I know many 

 people are spraying three, four, five and six times, and I would not 

 want them to give it up for fear that they might get poorer results, 

 if they are satisfied at the present time. But with the man who 

 is going to start spraying, I don't want to discourage him. I be- 

 lieve if he will start in the winter or early spring with oil, or lime 

 and sulphur, or he can use Bordeaux just before the buds open, 

 if he has any San Jose scale or other scale insects, then spray 

 again, after the fruit has formed, very thoroughly with arsenate 

 of lead, that he will get good results. 



I hold in my hand here samples of arsenate of lead, with which 

 you are probably all acquainted. It is a very safe material to use, 

 no matter what strength, and it can be used almost anywhere. 



I have here a mixture of lime and sulphur, and arsenate of lead, 

 which, as you will see, has turned black, which will be used by a 

 great many up-to-date fruit growers the coming year. 



I hold in my hand here a mixture of Bordeaux and arsenate of 

 lead, a splendid material if you wish to use fungicide and insecticide 

 combined for foliage and fruit spraying. All of these materials 

 are well perfected and good materials. 



To summarize all the spraying, I would recommend only winter 

 spraying, and at least one spring spraying after the fruit is formed. 

 In the eastern part of Massachusetts do not be afraid to use poison, 

 as it is absolutely necessary to use the arsenate of lead much stronger 

 in the gypsy moth area than it is outside of that area. You will 

 see in many of the bulletins, especially those published in the west- 

 ern States, a recommendation of two pounds of arsenate of lead 

 to fifty gallons of water. This is for the codling moth alone, and 

 is doubtless plenty strong enough, but it is not strong enough for 



