36 



ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 



Sec. 6. That any person who by any 

 process recovers from wines fortified un- 

 der the provisions of the aforesaid Act 

 approved October first, eighteen hundred 

 and ninety, or amendments thereto, any 

 brandy or wine spirits used in the man- 

 ufacture or fortification of said wine, 

 otherwise than is provided for in said 

 Act and its amendments, or who shall 

 rectify, mix, or compound with other dis- 

 tilled spirits such fortified wines or grape 

 brandy or wine spirits unlawfully recov- 

 ered therefrom, shall, on conviction, be 

 punished for each such offense by a fine 

 of not less than two hundred dollars nor 

 more than one thousand dollars. But the 

 provisions of this section, and the pro- 

 visions of section thirty-two hundred and 

 forty-four of the Revised Statutes of the 

 United States, as amended, relating to 

 rectification, shall not be held to apply 

 to the blending of pure sweet wines for- 

 tified under the provisions of the said Act 

 of October first, eighteen hundred and 

 ninety, or amendments thereto, where 

 such wines are blended for the sole pur- 

 pose of perfecting the same according to 



commercial standard. 



H. W. Wiley, 



Chief, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. De- 

 partment of Agriculture. 



ALCOHOL AND GASOLINE IN FARM 



ENGINES 



Sources of Power 



There are two great sources of power 

 and an infinitely varied series of me- 

 chanical devices and machines for the 

 generation of power. Water power always 

 has been used and probably always will 

 be used so long as the rain falls, but it 

 is insufficient for our present needs or 

 geographically unavailable. The greatest 

 source of power is fuel. Fuels may be 

 divided into two series — those that now 

 exist in the form of natural deposits and 

 those which are being produced continu- 

 ously. All of the coals, hard and soft, 

 with the lignites and peats, the crude oils 

 and natural gas, exist in the form of 

 deposits; and, while it is true that the 

 decay of vegetable matter may be today 

 forming more deposits of the same nature, 

 It is equally true that we are using the 

 present supply faster than the rate of pro- 

 duction. The newest fuel for power pur- 

 poses is alcohol. This is made from the 

 yearly crops of plants. There is in ex- 

 istence no natural deposit of alcohol, but 

 In a sense it may be said to be possible to 

 produce inexhaustible supplies. 



It is only within recent time that en- 

 gineers have known how to build engines 

 that would produce power from alcohol; 

 and still more recent is the further dis- 

 covery by engineers that this power can 

 be produced at a cost which may permit 

 its general introduction. 



By far the largest part of the power now 

 being used comes from steam produced 

 by the use of coal. This is chiefly due to 

 the fact that as a rule when it can be 

 used it is cheaper than possible suljsti- 

 tutes, although it is partly due to the fact 

 that steam power is better adapted to some 

 classes of work and is older and better 

 known than power generated by the gas 

 engine in its varied forms. In the point 

 of present use, water power stands next 

 to steam in importance. This is largely 

 due to the fact that water power is among 

 the earliest in point of development, but 

 more largely to the fact that it has be- 

 come possible to transform water power 

 into electrical power, which can be 

 transmitted long distances, and so over- 

 come geographical isolation of the 

 sources. 



Next in quantity produced stands power 

 generated by the gas engine. This class 

 of engines includes all machines in which 

 the fuel mixed with air is burned or ex- 

 ploded within the working chambers, 

 whether the fuel be gas produced from 

 coal, natural gas, vapors of any of the 

 mineral oils, vegetable or animal oils, or 

 alcohol. The subordinate position occu- 

 pied by this source of power is due partly 

 to the fact that engineers have only re 

 cently discovered, and are today discover- 

 ing, how best to build these machines and 

 adapt them to the work they are to do. 

 Wind and wave power stand at the foot 

 of the list and always will, so far as 

 quantity of power developed is concerned. 

 This is because of the irregularity of the 

 sources of supply and their comparatively 

 feeble nature. 



Comparative Cost of Power from 

 Different Sources 



The cost of producing power from any 

 of the above sources is made up of a num- 

 ber of items, including interest on the 

 first cost of the installation, depreciation 



