APPLES 



89 



Sfayniaii Wiiipsap Soils 



This variety seems to succeed well on 

 loams and heavj', fine sandy loams with 

 subsoils of loam or light clay loam. It 

 does well in parts of Pennsylvania, but 

 does not do well on the Porter's clay 

 loam of Porter's clay of Virginia, where 

 the Albemarl Pippin succeeds so admir- 

 ably. 



Wa'/ener Soils 



The tree is weak in growth, hence a 

 soil that is deep, strong, mellow and 

 loamy, should be selected. Stiff subsoils 

 are especially objectionable. 



Jonathan Soils 



The tree is weak in growth and should 

 be planted on a rich deep, mellow soil. 



Ben Davis and Gano Soils 



These varieties show less effect from 

 variation in the soils upon which they 

 grow than any other varieties observed. 

 There are differences to be noted in the 

 quality of the fruit on account of the 

 soil and climate, yet it will stand more 

 neglect than any other variety and still 

 bear fruit. From Canada to Alabama 

 these apples have numerous advocates. It 

 seems to be especially adapted to the 

 Ozark region, although in the Appalachian 

 region growers believe they grow a finer 

 quality of Ben Davis than in the Ozarks. 



Yellow >'ewfown Albemarle Pippin Soils 



The Yellow Newtown has always been 

 regarded as exacting in soil requirements 

 and climatic environments. Great stress 

 has been laid on this point in Virginia, 

 where it has received the local name of 

 Albemarle Pionin. An ideal soil for this 

 variety in Virginia consists of dark 

 brown, heavy, mellow loam, to a depth of 

 twelve inches, which grows gradually 

 heavier to twenty-four inches, where it 

 becomes a clay loam. This clay loam, 

 however, is not stiff. Heavier soils are 

 also adapted to this variety, if there is 

 sufficient vegetable matter to render 

 them friable. This is very noticeable with 

 Porter's clay. Such soils, rich in plant 

 food and retentive of moisture, furnish 

 ideal conditions for this variety, which 

 requires a luxuriant growth of tree to 

 produce the crisp grain, and delicate 

 flavor of fruit, as well as profitable yield. 



So well did the Yellow Newtown thrive 

 in the protected coves of the Porter's 

 series in Virginia, where the leaves and 

 vegetable debris had collected for so long 

 that the surface material was black to a 

 general depth of several inches and to 

 a depth of several feet in particular cases, 

 that it was only natural in the course of 

 time for the idea to prevail that a great 

 accumulation of organic matter in the soil 

 was a preliminary essential for the suc- 

 cess of this variety. But later investiga- 

 tions have shown that areas of Porter's 

 loam and Porter's clay, not rich in veg- 

 etable matter have produced good re- 

 sults, and the habit of growing legumi- 

 nous crops and the application of stable 

 manure, has proven" to be as effective as 

 the original black soil. A good Rhode 

 Island Greening soil is also well adapted 

 to Newtowns. 



Wiiesap Soils 



The Winesap is a standard variety in 

 Virginia and the Southern Appalachians — 

 an apple of good quality that responds 

 readily to favorable conditions of soil and 

 treatment and also brings surprisingly 

 good returns under neglect. The soil 

 need not be as rich as for the Yellow 

 Newtown because the presence of too 

 much organic matter detracts from the 

 color, yet the tendency of this variety to 

 produce fruit under size makes desirable 

 a soil as rich as may be without affecting 

 the color. The Porter's loam produces 

 apples of this variety of very fine quality. 

 In the Valley of Virginia the Haggers- 

 town loam, on the Peidmont Plain the 

 Cecil loam, and the limestone soils, are 

 now producing good Winesaps. In the 

 southern end of the Appalachians in 

 Northern Alabama, the Clarksville loam 

 is well adapted to this variety. 



SELECTIXG THE LAND 



In buying land the fruit grower should 

 remember that he is buying its fertility, 

 or its power to produce crops. He is 

 buying not only crude earth, but all the 

 forces above the soil as well as in it, that 

 are needed to transform the crude ele- 

 ments into fruit. He should consider, 

 therefore: First, the atmospheric condi- 

 tions (elevation, exposure, etc.); and, sec- 



