162 



ENCYCLOPEDIA OP PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 



of 60 degrees and are the same distance 

 apart as the distance between the trees; 

 then the trees can be located in alternate 

 fashion on these curved lines so as to 

 secure a gradual shift from the triangu- 

 lar to square type of planting. This re- 

 sults in a uniform width of alleys, a 

 smoother and more regular arrangement 

 of rows. The rows are also more nearly 

 parallel to the contour. While the trees 

 are not as evenly distributed as before 

 (requiring slightly more land) yet this 

 difference is unimportant. The method of 

 laying out this figure is not difficult. (See 

 Plate I, Fig. 5, p. 161.) Pure triangular 

 planting will also meet this case. Four 

 equilateral triangles with a common apex 

 will leave an angle of 90 degrees. (See 

 Plate I, Fig. 9, p. 161.) 



2. Given a case ivhere the contour lines 

 of the two opposite and approaching slopes 

 meet at an angle of approximately 90 de- 

 grees. 



Square planting so as to form an "L" 

 meets the requirements of this type of 

 surface. (See Plate I, Fig. 7, p. 161.) 



.?, Given a case where the intersect- 

 ing contour lines form an angle of only 

 GO degrees. 



This will be approximated in case of 

 narrow ridges or coves. Such types of 

 surface conformation are frequently met. 

 Two triangular figures such as were de- 

 scribed under No. 1 are used for the tri- 

 angular planting. They are arranged 

 with a common base line and with apices 

 opposite. This common base line serves 

 as a meridian and runs directly up the 

 slope. Perpendiculars are projected as 

 before from the trees on the upper side 

 of this double figure for ridge planting 

 and from the lower side for cove plant- 

 ing. The angle formed by the main rows 

 of the two wings form an angle of 60 de- 

 grees. (See Plate I, Fig. 8, p. 161.) 



This same type of surface can be solidly 

 in triangles so arranged as to form a 

 winged figure with the same angle, but 

 the turn is more abrupt. (See Plate I 

 Fig. 6, p. 161.) 



4. Only one more type of surface ex- 

 ists, viz., where the contour of opposite 

 slopes whether ridge or cove formation 

 are practically parallel except at the end 



of ridge or head of cove, the point of junc- 

 ture lieing effected hy a half circular 

 slope (either concave or convex). 



Here three triangular systems or fig- 

 ures with a common apex furnishes a half 

 hexagon and will therefore give a full 

 turn to the rows. It is better, however, 

 as in case No. 1, to describe a system of 

 half circles and plant alternately on these 

 lines than to plant in perfect triangles. 

 The contour lines will thus be approxi- 

 mated and there will be a uniform width 

 to the alleys as well as a uniform curva- 

 ture of rows. The distribution of trees is 

 sufficiently even to meet all practical re- 

 quirements; in fact, they are more evenly 

 distributed than in square planting. (See 

 Plate 1. Fig. 10, p. 161.) 



At first blush these combination plans 

 appear to be too fanciful to be of practical 

 value, but on comparing them with many 

 types of surface formation, and a great 

 variety in topography which may be found 

 in this state, it will be found that one or 

 the other of the plans described or a com- 

 bination of these plans may be made to fit 

 almost any type of surface to be found. 

 If due regard is given by the grower to 

 planting plans there is no reason why 

 roads should follow all kinds of grades 

 through the orchard. Too little attention 

 has been paid to this subject in the past 

 which has resulted in great inconvenience 

 in cultivating and spraying the orchard 

 and in harvesting the fruit crop. 



Plantiiiff Table 

 Number of Trees Per .\cre 



Distance apart 



of trees Square Triansulnr 



each way in feet Method Method 



12 302 348 



15 193 222 



18 134 154 



20 109 125 



25 69 79 



30 48 55 



35 35 40 



40 27 31 



Planting Rules 



1. To determine the number of trees re- 

 quired per acre by the square method at 

 a given distance apart. The number of 

 square feet per acre (43,560) divided by 

 the square of the distance will give the 

 correct number. 



