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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 



face. The camel's hairbrush, which is 

 often recommended, is not a safe thing 

 to use, as pollen may stick in the hairs, 

 and if several kinds are worked with, 

 there will be no certainty as to the 

 parentage. After this operation has been 

 performed the bag should be put on 

 again and tied tightly as before. A label 

 should then be attached to the twig, on 

 which should be written a number, the 

 names of the male and female parents, 

 the number of flowers operated on, and 

 the date on which the work was done. 

 This record should also be kept in a 

 notebook. When the blossoming period 

 is over, and the fruit is well set the 

 paper bag should be removed, a record 

 taken of the number of apples which 

 have set, and then a gauze or muslin 

 bag tied over the fruit instead of the 

 paper one. The apples should then be 

 left to grow and ripen in the orchard. 

 Late apples which are not thoroughly 

 matured when harvested should be left 

 as long as possible before the seeds are 

 taken out. The seeds should be re- 

 moved, however, in time to sow them 

 before winter sets in. They should be 

 counted and the number recorded with 

 the other data, and then treated the 

 same as has already been recommended 

 in the paragraph on Seedling Varieties. 

 Much systematic work has been done 

 in Canada in originating varieties of 

 apples by cross-fertilization and hybrid- 

 ization. To the late Charles Arnold, of 

 Paris, Ont., and to the late P. C. Demp- 

 sey, of Trenton, Ont., is due great credit 

 for work done at a time when few were 

 interested in the scientific asiiects of 

 fruit-growing. The Ontario apple, which 

 was originated by Charles Arnold by 

 crossing the Northern Spy with the Wag- 

 ener, is a worthy memorial to that gen- 

 tleman, it being one of our best and most 

 profitable commercial apples. The Tren- 

 ton and Walter apples are two of Mr. 

 Dempsey's crosses, and are among the 

 best apples of their season. The late 

 horticulturist of the Central Experimental 

 Farm, Mr. John Craig, also did some 

 work in this direction, and some of his 

 crosses which have fruited are promis- 



ing. During the past eight years the 

 writer has done some work also, the ob- 

 ject being to obtain, if possible, hardy, 

 late-keeping, productive apples of fine 

 color and good quality, which are much 

 needed in Northern and Eastern Ontario 

 and the Province of Quebec. The Mc- 

 intosh Red and Lawver apples were 

 used for this work at first. They are 

 good sized red apples, and also annual, 

 though not heavy, bearers. The Mcin- 

 tosh Red apple is probably unsurpassed 

 in quality by any apple of its season. 

 The Lawver apple is the best keeping 

 apple yet fruited at the Central Experi- 

 mental Farm, it having been kept in 

 good condition in an ordinary cellar for 

 over a year. It was thought when these 

 crosses were made that the Lawver 

 would continue to prove hardy at Ottawa, 

 but this variety was winter-killed in 

 1903-4. 



Bud-Tarieties, Sports 

 These are chance variations from the 

 ordinary types which are sufficiently dis- 

 tinct to be regarded as different vari- 

 eties. For instance, if the fruit on one 

 branch of a tree which has not been 

 grafted or budded is quite different from 

 that on the others, it is a bud-variety. 

 Bud-varieties may be propagated and 

 perpetuated the same as other kinds. 



Individuality in Apple Trees 



Records are kept of the yields from 

 each individual tree in the orchard at 

 the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, 

 hence it is known what each tree pro- 

 duces. It has been found that there is 

 a marked variation in trees of the same 

 age planted at the same time and grow- 

 ing under very similar conditions. It is 

 now recognized by some of the best au- 

 thorities that each bud of a tree has 

 individual characteristics which separate 

 it from all other buds and, although the 

 differences in buds are, in most cases, so 

 slight that it is impossible to detect 

 them, yet in some Instances they may 

 be quite marked. Fruit growers have 

 noticed that one tree or bush is more 

 productive than another or bears larger, 

 more highly colored or better flavored 



