APPLE DISEASES 



453 



water, but only enough water added to 

 carry on the process without burning. 

 After the, slaliing process is over, the 

 lime should be thoroughly mixed with 

 water until a milky fluid is obtained, 

 when it is ready to add to the required 

 amount of water to bring the total vol- 

 ume up to one-half the water named in 

 the formula. 



The copper-sulphate solution is best 

 dissolved by placing a known weight of 

 the material in a burlap sack and sus- 

 pending it in the top of a barrel or 

 tank of water. If 100 pounds are dis- 

 solved in 50 gallons of water, IVo gal- 

 lons of the stock solution will be re- 

 quired for making 50 gallons of Bor- 

 deaux by the 3-4-50 formula. 



The 4-4-50 or 5-5-50 formulae are not 

 to be advised for summer spraying, as 

 serious burning is liable to follow their 

 use. 



Spray Scliedule 



First Application. — Apply Bordeaux, 

 3-4-50, as a mist three weeks after the 

 falling of the petals. In case of wet 

 weather substitute lime-sulphur for Bor- 

 deaux. Apply Bordeaux as soon as the 

 weather will permit. 



Second Application. — From two to four 

 weeks after the first application apply 

 Bordeaux, 3-4-50, again as a mist. Use 

 lime-sulphur if the weather is wet. Ap- 

 ply Bordeaux as soon as the weather 

 will permit. 



Third Application. — Apply Bordeaux as 

 in the previous applications, 10 weeks 

 after the petals fall. 



By adding arsenate of lead at the rate 

 of two pounds to 50 gallons of the fungi- 

 cide, any of the above materials may be 

 made to assist in the control of insects. 

 Such a combination adheres to the fruit 

 and foliage better than the fungicide 

 alone. During an extremely hot, bright 

 spell of weather the lime-sulphur-lead 

 combination frequently causes burning, 

 but during such weather it is advisable 

 to use Bordeaux rather than lime-sul- 

 phur. 



References 



Ellis & Everhart. Proceedings of 



Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- 

 delphia, 1895. 



Clinton. Illinois Agricultural Experi- 

 ment Station, Bulletin No. 69. 



Scott & Qualntance. U. S. Department 

 Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 283. 



Scott & Rorer. Bureau of Plant In- 

 dustry, Bulletin No. 144. 



Sheldon. Science N. S. 26, No. 658; 

 August 9, 1907. 



D. E. Lewis, 

 Manhattan, Kan. 



Blue Mold Decay 



This is the rot of apples which is 

 caused by the common blue mold which 

 is familiar to everyone on preserved 

 fruits, jellies, etc. Blue mold grows as 

 a saprophyte on a large number of dead 

 organic substances and produces large 

 numbers of spores so that the spores 

 are practically everywhere present and 

 may start a new growth of the mold 

 whenever they fall upon a substance 

 which furnishes a suitable food supply 

 provided that the temperature is favor- 

 able for growth. 



This decay of apples is probably 

 caused by more than one species of this 

 genus. In some cases other fungi aid 

 in the decay but since Penicillium 

 breaks out and shows more prominently 

 on the surface of the apple, it is often 

 held responsible for more of the decay 

 than it causes. There can be no doubt, 

 however, that one or more species of 

 Penicillium cause a large amount of the 

 soft rot of stored apples. This is pri- 

 marily a rot of ripe apples and does not 

 cause decay of green fruit. The threads 

 of the fungus cannot penetrate the un- 

 injured epidermis of the apple but must 

 gain entrance through injured places 

 such as bruises, cuts, cracks, worm holes, 

 spray injured places or scab spots. It 

 spreads rapidly in ripe apples and com- 

 plete decay takes place In one or two 

 weeks. The tissues become soft and are 

 light brown in color. Little tufts of 

 mycelium which bear the spores break 

 out on the surface of the decayed region. 

 These tufts soon become light blue or 

 blue-green, later gray-green to brownish 



