466 



ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 



diseased flesh is not bitter, but is dry, 

 tough and without flavor. When the ap- 

 ple is badly affected, its commercial value 

 is almost destroyed. Various causes have 

 been assigned for this disease, namely, 

 want of vigor of tree, lack of moisture in 

 the soil, want of potash and lime in the 

 soil. By those who have given most study 

 to the rot it is ascribed to the concentra- 

 tion of sap caused by the transpiration of 

 moisture, which causes the death of the 

 cells. There is not yet any known remedy 

 for this disease, but it will probably not 

 be as troublesome if there is plenty of 

 moisture in the soil, and it the trees are 

 encouraged to make good, healthy growth. 

 W. T. Macoux 



Edema 



An Edema or swelling of apple twigs 

 has been described by Atkinson from New 

 York (Cornell Station, Bulletin 61). This 

 on closely trimmed trees on over fertile 

 soil. 



European Apple ("anker 

 Nectria Ditissima Tul. 



This disease is reported as serious in 

 the orchards of Europe, and is apparently 

 becoming distributed in America. It is 

 not of so common occurrence in New 

 Hampshire as the black rot canker, but 

 is more destructive where found. The 

 fungus seems to be dependent upon 

 wounds for entrance to the host tissue. It 

 attacks the inner bark and the cambium, 

 and to some extent the young wood. The 

 mycelium is perennial In the host. As 

 the new growth develops around the 

 wound it is attacked and killed by the fun- 

 gus; thus a series of ridges may be de- 

 veloped, giving a characteristic appear- 

 ance to the disease. 



Two kinds of summer spores are pro- 

 duced, the first small and unicellular, the 

 second sickle-shaped and having three or 

 more cells. The latter is probably largely 

 responsible for the spread of the disease 

 during the summer. In the spring com- 

 pact clusters of red lemon-shaped perithe- 

 cia may be found near the edge of the 

 canker. These may be seen with the un- 

 aided eye. They contain numerous two- 

 celled spores in sacs. 



Treatment 



All cankered limlis should be destroyed. 

 Wounds should be thoroughly coated 

 with paint. Spraying may serve to disin- 

 fect the smaller wounds produced by in- 

 sects, hailstorms, etc. 



Charles Brooks 



Fire Bli«ht. See Blight under Pear. 



Fly Speck. See Sooty Black. 



Frog Eye. See Leaf Spot. 



Fruit Pit 



H. S. Jackson 

 This disease, otherwise locally spoken 

 of as the "brown rot," "bitter rot," "bitter 

 pit," "Baldwin fruit spot," etc., is in some 

 respects one of the most serious troubles 

 of the apple in the Northwest. It is pres- 



Fig. 1. Aj)i)le Showiiii; T.vpii-al Appeai-aiu-c of 

 Fruit Pit. 1 New Hampshire K.xpei-initnit Sta- 

 tion.) 

 ent in more or less severity in all sections 

 where apples are grown. A common 

 disease, also, in most sections of the 

 United States, it is serious in Germany 

 and other sections of Europe as well, 

 where it is generally referred to as "Stip- 

 pin." It is also common in Canada, Mexi- 

 co, Australia, New Zealand and South 



