APPLE DISEASES 



469 



Hail lii.iiiry 



There is nothing which can he done to 

 prevent this injury, but frequently it is 

 not noticed at the time and is later attri- 

 buted to fungi, insects or other causes. 

 The fruits may be badly deformed and 

 scarred resembling somewhat curculio 

 injury but the characteristic crescent- 

 shaped scars of the latter are not present. 

 Quite frequently hail injury is followed 

 by fungous decays of the fruit I'esulting 

 from infections of the wounds. 



Hollow Trunks 



It sometimes happens that a valuable 

 shade or orchard tree becomes injured in 

 such a way as to cause a cavity. This 

 may have resulted from the breaking of 

 a branch in a storm or from improper 

 pruning. Whatever the cause the treat- 

 ment is practically the same. All decayed 

 or decaying matter should be removed 

 from the cavity and with a sharp gouge 

 or chisel all diseased wood cut away un- 

 til sound heartwood is exposed. Then, 

 before moisture or other injurious influ- 

 ences can act upon the newly exposed 

 parts, the whole cavity should be filled 

 with a thin mortar, made by mixing one 

 part of Portland cement with three parts 

 of clean, sharp sand. After the mortar 

 has had time to become stiff, but not 

 hard, a surface coat made of one part of 

 sand and one part of cement should be 

 added and the surface so faced as to ex- 

 clude all moisture from the opening of 

 the cavity. An additional safeguard 

 would be had in treating the inside of 

 the cavity with a copper-sulphate solu- 

 tion (one pound to five or six gallons of 

 water) after the diseased wood has been 

 removed with a gouge or chisel and be- 

 fore the cement mortar is poured into the 

 cavity. 



L. C. CoRBETT, 

 WasUington. D. C. 



Hypoenus 



Common to the mountain sections of 

 the Southeast. This disease affects the 

 apple, pear and quince. Trees affected 

 have the appearance of fire blight. How- 

 ever, the leaves only die. They droop in 



dense matted masses, and in the later 

 stages of the disease fall awas'. During 

 damp weather the fungus grows with 

 great rapidity between the matted leaves. 

 It spreads from joint to joint by means 

 of ribbon-like structures. Unless outside 

 aid is brought the branch becomes com- 

 pletely covered by mid-summer and the 

 tree remains Infected continuously. 



Treatment 



The fungus winters upon the twigs and 

 rarely goes into the spore stage, hence, 

 is easily controlled by the usual dormant 

 sprays. 



Tlic .loiiatlian Fruit .Spot 

 \ature and Importance of the Disease 



The spots, though seldom more than 

 skin deep, detract greatly from the ap- 

 pearance of the apple and afford a place 

 of entrance for decay fungi. They are 

 dark brown in color, more or less circular 

 in outline, at first scarcely depressed, 

 later becoming considerably sunken, and 

 vary from one-eighth to three-fourths of 

 an inch in diameter. They resemble very 

 young bitter-rot spots and are not easily 

 distinguished from the advanced stage of 

 the New Hampshire fruit spot (Cylin- 

 drosporUim. pomi Brooks). As many as 

 25 spots often occur on one apple, and a 

 lenticel usually forms' the center of each 

 spot. Since the spots are entirely super- 

 ficial, the intrinsic value of the fruit is 

 not seriously affected, but its market 

 value is greatly reduced. 



The disease occurs only on fully ma- 

 tured fruit and usually develops after the 

 crop is picked. If left on the trees long 

 after maturing, the fruit of susceptible 

 varieties may become affected before be- 

 ing picked. This was observed on the 

 .lonathan variety in Virginia and West 

 Virginia during the fall of 1911. Accord- 

 ing to numerous observations made by 

 the writers, fruit picked at the proper 

 time, or rather early, and rushed into 

 cold storage with only two or three days' 

 delay, and consumed within a few days 

 after removal from storage, will not de- 

 velop the disease to any serious extent. 

 Fruit of susceptible varieties kept in 



